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Cotton Stage of Growth Determines Sensitivity to 2,4-D

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Seth A. Byrd*
Affiliation:
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, Lubbock, TX 79403
Guy D. Collins
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Rocky Mount, NC 27801
A. Stanley Culpepper
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
Darrin M. Dodds
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762
Keith L. Edmisten
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
David L. Wright
Affiliation:
Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
Gaylon D. Morgan
Affiliation:
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
Paul A. Baumann
Affiliation:
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
Peter A. Dotray
Affiliation:
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
Misha R. Manuchehri
Affiliation:
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
Andrea Jones
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873
Timothy L. Grey
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
Theodore M. Webster
Affiliation:
Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793
Jerry W. Davis
Affiliation:
Experimental Statistics, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223
Jared R. Whitaker
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
Phillip M. Roberts
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
John L. Snider
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
Wesley M. Porter
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: seth.byrd@ag.tamu.edu

Abstract

The anticipated release of EnlistTM cotton, corn, and soybean cultivars likely will increase the use of 2,4-D, raising concerns over potential injury to susceptible cotton. An experiment was conducted at 12 locations over 2013 and 2014 to determine the impact of 2,4-D at rates simulating drift (2 g ae ha−1) and tank contamination (40 g ae ha−1) on cotton during six different growth stages. Growth stages at application included four leaf (4-lf), nine leaf (9-lf), first bloom (FB), FB + 2 wk, FB + 4 wk, and FB + 6 wk. Locations were grouped according to percent yield loss compared to the nontreated check (NTC), with group I having the least yield loss and group III having the most. Epinasty from 2,4-D was more pronounced with applications during vegetative growth stages. Importantly, yield loss did not correlate with visual symptomology, but more closely followed effects on boll number. The contamination rate at 9-lf, FB, or FB + 2 wk had the greatest effect across locations, reducing the number of bolls per plant when compared to the NTC, with no effect when applied at FB + 4 wk or later. A reduction of boll number was not detectable with the drift rate except in group III when applied at the FB stage. Yield was influenced by 2,4-D rate and stage of cotton growth. Over all locations, loss in yield of greater than 20% occurred at 5 of 12 locations when the drift rate was applied between 4-lf and FB + 2 wk (highest impact at FB). For the contamination rate, yield loss was observed at all 12 locations; averaged over these locations yield loss ranged from 7 to 66% across all growth stages. Results suggest the greatest yield impact from 2,4-D occurs between 9-lf and FB + 2 wk, and the level of impact is influenced by 2,4-D rate, crop growth stage, and environmental conditions.

La anticipada liberación de cultivares Enlist™ de algodón, maíz, y soja probablemente incrementará el uso de 2,4-D, aumentando así la preocupación del daño potencial en algodón susceptible. Se realizó un experimento en 12 localidades durante 2013 y 2014 para determinar el impacto de 2,4-D a dosis de deriva simulada (2 g ae ha−1) y de contaminación en tanque (40 g ae ha−1) sobre algodón durante seis estadios de crecimiento diferente. Los estadios de crecimiento al momento de aplicación incluyeron cuatro hojas (4-lf), nueve hojas (9-lf), primer brote florar (FB), FB + 2 semanas (wk), FB + 4 wk, y FB + 6 wk. Las localidades fueron agrupadas según el porcentaje de pérdida de rendimiento al compararse con el testigo sin tratamiento (NTC), teniendo el grupo I la menor pérdida de rendimiento y el grupo III la mayor. La epinastia producto de 2,4-D fue más pronunciada con aplicaciones durante los estadios de crecimiento vegetativo. Importantemente, la pérdida en el rendimiento no correlacionó con la sintomatología visual, pero siguió de cerca los efectos en el número de frutos. La dosis de contaminación a 9-lf, FB, o FB + 2 wk tuvo el mayor efecto en todas las localidades, reduciendo el número de frutos por planta cuando se comparó con el NTC, pero sin tener efecto cuando se aplicó en FB + 4 wk o después. La reducción en el número de frutos no fue detectable con la dosis de deriva excepto en el grupo III cuando se aplicó en el estadio FB. El rendimiento fue influenciado por la dosis de 2,4-D y el estadio de crecimiento del algodón. Considerando todas las localidades, las pérdidas de rendimiento mayor a 20% ocurrieron en 5 de 12 localidades cuando se aplicó la dosis de deriva entre 4-lf y FB + 2 wk (mayor impacto a FB). Para la dosis de contaminación, la pérdida en rendimiento fue observada en todas las 12 localidades. Al promediar todas las localidades, la pérdida de rendimiento varió entre 7 y 66% entre todos los estadios de crecimiento. Los resultados sugieren que el mayor impacto en el rendimiento causado por 2,4-D ocurre entre 9-lf y FB + 2 wk, y el nivel de impacto es influenciado por la dosis de 2,4-D, el estadio de crecimiento, y las condiciones ambientales.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor for this paper: Lawrence Steckel, University of Tennessee.

References

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