Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-mwx4w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-25T01:11:56.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Multidimensional scaling of D15 caps: Color-vision defects among tobacco smokers?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2005

DAVID BIMLER  and
JOHN KIRKLAND
DAVID BIMLER
Affiliation:
Department of Health and Human Development, Massey University, New Zealand
JOHN KIRKLAND
Affiliation:
Department of Health and Human Development, Massey University, New Zealand
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Tobacco smoke contains a range of toxins including carbon monoxide and cyanide. With specialized cells and high metabolic demands, the optic nerve and retina are vulnerable to toxic exposure. We examined the possible effects of smoking on color vision: specifically, whether smokers perceive a different pattern of suprathreshold color dissimilarities from nonsmokers. It is already known that smokers differ in threshold color discrimination, with elevated scores on the Roth 28-Hue Desaturated panel test. Groups of smokers and nonsmokers, matched for sex and age, followed a triadic procedure to compare dissimilarities among 32 pigmented stimuli (the caps of the saturated and desaturated versions of the D15 panel test). Multidimensional scaling was applied to quantify individual variations in the salience of the axes of color space. Despite the briefness, simplicity, and “low-tech” nature of the procedure, subtle but statistically significant differences did emerge: on average the smoking group were significantly less sensitive to red–green differences. This is consistent with some form of injury to the optic nerve.

Keywords

Multidimensional scalingColor-vision deficiencyD15 panel testSmoking
Type
Research Article
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 21 , Issue 3 , May 2004 , pp. 445 - 448
Copyright
© 2004 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bimler, D.L., Kirkland, J., & Jacobs, R. (2000). Colour-vision tests considered as a special case of multidimensional scaling. Color Research and Application 25, 160–169.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bimler, D.L., Kirkland, J., & Jameson, K.A. (2004). Quantifying variations in personal color spaces: Are there sex differences in color vision? Color Research and Application 29, 128–134.Google Scholar
Chang, J.J. & Carroll, J.D. (1980). Three are not enough: An INDSCAL analysis suggesting that color space has seven (±1) dimensions. Color Research and Application 5, 193–206.Google Scholar
Erb, C., Nicaeus, T., Adler, M., Isensee, J., Zrenner, E., & Thiel, H.-J. (1999). Colour vision disturbances in chronic smokers. Graefe's Archive of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 237, 377–380.Google Scholar
Farnsworth, D. (1943). The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue and dichotomous tests for color vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America 33, 568–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, R. & Voke, J. (1985). Defective Colour Vision: Fundamentals, Diagnosis and Management. Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger.
Helm, C.R. (1964). Multidimensional ratio scaling analysis of perceived color relations. Journal of the Optical Society of America 54, 256–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, D.C. & Greenstein, V.C. (1988). Blue (S) cone pathway vulnerability: A test of a fragile receptor hypothesis. Applied Optics 27, 1025–1029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krastel, H. & Moreland, J.D. (1991). Colour vision deficiencies in ophthalmic diseases. In Inherited and Acquired Colour Vision Deficiencies, ed. Foster, D.H., pp. 115–172. Basingstoke, UK: MacMillan.
Luria, S.M. & McKay, C.L. (1979). Visual processes of smokers and nonsmokers at different ages. Archives of Environmental Health 34, 449–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offenbach, S.I. (1980). Children's perception of Munsell colors. Journal of Psychology 104, 43–51.Google Scholar
Regan, B.C., Reffin, J.P., & Mollon, J.D. (1994). Luminance noise and the rapid determination of discrimination ellipses in colour deficiency. Vision Research 34, 1279–1299.Google Scholar
Shepard, R.N. & Cooper, L.A. (1992). Representation of colors in the blind, color-blind, and normally sighted. Psychological Science 3, 97–104.Google Scholar
Sperling, H.G. (1991). Vulnerability of the blue-sensitive mechanism. In Inherited and Acquired Colour Vision Deficiencies, ed. Foster, D.H., pp. 72–87. Basingstoke, UK: MacMillan.
Takane, Y. (1978). A maximum likelihood method for nonmetric multidimensional scaling: I. The case in which all empirical pairwise orderings are independent—Theory. Japanese Psychological Research 20, 7–17.Google Scholar
von Restorff, W. & Hebisch, S. (1988). Dark adaptation of the eye during carbon monoxide exposure in smokers and nonsmokers. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 59, 928–931.Google Scholar