Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:46:32.841Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The impulse response of S-cone pathways in detection of increments and decrements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2008

KEIZO SHINOMORI  and
JOHN S. WERNER
KEIZO SHINOMORI*
Affiliation:
Department of Information Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Koichi, Japan
JOHN S. WERNER
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Sacramento, California
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Keizo Shinomori: Department of Information Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada-town, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502, Japan. E-mail: shinomori.keizo@kochi-tech.ac.jp
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Impulse response functions (IRFs) were obtained from two-pulse detection thresholds using isoluminant stimuli that produced increments or decrements in S-cone excitation. The pulses were chromatically modulated at constant luminance (based on 18 Hz heterochromatic flicker photometry). Chromatic stimuli were presented as a Gaussian patch (±1 SD = 2.3°) in one of four quadrants around a central fixation cross on a CRT screen. Each of the two pulses (6.67 ms) was separated by an inter-stimulus interval (ISI) from 20 to 360 ms. Chromaticity of the pulses was changed from the equal-energy white of the background to a bluish or yellowish color along individually determined tritan lines (based on color matching under strong S-cone adaptation from a 420 nm background superimposed in Maxwellian view). Chromatic detection thresholds were determined by a four-alternative forced-choice method with staircases for each ISI interleaved in each session. Measurements were repeated in at least four sessions for each observer. IRFs were calculated by varying four parameters of an exponentially-damped sinewave. Both S-cone increment and decrement IRFs are characterized by a single excitatory phase and a much longer time course compared with IRFs derived for luminance modulation using the same apparatus and observers. S-cone increment IRFs are faster than S-cone decrement IRFs; the time to peak amplitude of S-cone increment and decrement IRFs is 50–70 and 100–120 ms, respectively. These results were used to derive the temporal contrast sensitivity for human observers of putative ON- and OFF-channels carrying signals from S-cones.

Keywords

S-conesKoniocellular pathwayTemporal visionImpulse responseON- and OFF-pathways
Type
Research Article
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , May 2008 , pp. 341 - 347
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Brindley, G.S., Du Croz, J.J. & Rushton, W.A.H. (1966). The flicker fusion frequency of the blue-sensitive mechanism of colour vision. Journal of Physiology (London) 183, 497–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burr, D.C. & Morrone, M.C. (1993). Impulse-response functions for chromatic and achromatic stimuli. Journal of Optical Society of America A 10, 1706–1713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottaris, N.P. & DeValois, R.L. (1998). Temporal dynamics of chromatic tuning in macaque primary visual cortex. Nature 395, 845–846.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dacey, D.M. & Lee, B.B. (1994). The ‘blue-on’ opponent pathway in primate retina originates from a distinct bistratified ganglion cell type. Nature 367, 731–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dacey, D.M., Peterson, B.B. & Robinson, F.R. (2002). Identification of an S-cone opponent OFF pathway in the macaque monkey retina: Morphology, physiology and possible circuitry. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 43, E-abstract 2983.Google Scholar
Dacey, D.M., Peterson, B.B., Robinson, F.R. & Gamlin, P.D. (2003). Neurotechnique. Fireworks in the primate retina: In vitro photodynamics reveals diverse LGN-projecting ganglion cell types. Neuron 37, 15–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derrington, A.M., Krauskopf, J. & Lennie, P. (1984). Chromatic mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of Macaque. Journal of Physiology (London) 357, 241–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeValois, R.L., Cottaris, N.P., Elfar, S.D., Mahon, L.E. & Wilson, J.A. (2000). Some transformations of color information from lateral geniculate nucleus to striate cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, 4997–5002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, G.D., Sher, A., Gauthier, J.L., Greschner, M., Shlens, J., Litke, A.M. & Chichilnisky, E.J. (2007). Spatial properties and functional organization of small bistratified ganglion cells in primate retina. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 13261–13272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendry, S.H.C. & Yoshioka, T. (1994). A neurochemically distinct third channel in the macaque dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Science 264, 575–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ikeda, M. (1965). Temporal summation of positive and negative flashes in the visual system. Journal of the Optical Society of America 55, 1527–1534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, E. (2004). The M, P, and K pathways of the primate visual system. In The Visual Neurosciences, ed. Chalupa, L.M. & Werner, J.S., pp. 481–493. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, D.H. (1974). Spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of color-vision mechanisms. Journal of the Optical Society of America 64, 983–990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klug, K., Herr, S., Ngo, I.T., Sterling, P. & Schein, S. (2003). Macaque retina contains an S-cone OFF midget pathway. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 9881–9887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malpeli, J.G. & Schiller, P.H. (1978). Lack of blue OFF-center cells in the visual system of the monkey. Brain Research 141, 385–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeefry, D.J., Parry, N.R.A. & Murray, I.J. (2003). Simple reaction times in color space: The influence of chromaticity, contrast, and cone opponency. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44, 2267–2276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLellan, J.S. & Eskew, R.T. (2000). ON and OFF S-cone pathways have different long-wave cone inputs. Vision Research 40, 2449–2465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mollon, J.D. (1982). A taxonomy of tritanopia. Documenta Ophthalmologica 33, 87–101.Google Scholar
Mollon, J.D. & Krauskopf, J. (1973). Reaction time as a measure of the temporal response properties of individual colour mechanisms. Vision Research 13, 27–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnapf, J.L., Nunn, B.J., Meister, M. & Baylor, D.W. (1990). Visual transduction in cones of the monkey Macaca Fascicularis. Journal of Physiology (London) 427, 681–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shinomori, K., Spillmann, L. & Werner, J.S. (1999). S-cone signals to temporal OFF-channels: Asymmetrical connections to postreceptoral chromatic mechanisms. Vision Research 39, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shinomori, K. & Werner, J.S. (2003). Senescence of the temporal impulse response to a luminous pulse. Vision Research 43, 617–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shinomori, K. & Werner, J.S. (2006). Impulse response of an S-cone pathway in the aging visual system. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 23, 1570–1577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, V.C., Bowen, R.W. & Pokorny, V.C. (1984). Threshold temporal integration of chromatic stimuli. Vision Research 24, 653–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smithson, H.E. & Mollon, J.D. (2004). Is the S-opponent chromatic sub-system sluggish? Vision Research 44, 2919–2929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uchikawa, K. & Ikeda, M. (1986). Temporal integration of chromatic double pulses for detection of equal-luminance wavelength changes. Journal of Optical Society of America A 3, 2109–2115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uchikawa, K. & Yoshizawa, T. (1993). Temporal responses to chromatic and achromatic change inferred from temporal double-pulse integration. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10, 1697–1705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valberg, A., Lee, B.B. & Tigwell, D.A. (1986). Neurones with strong inhibitory S-cone inputs in the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus. Vision Research 26, 1061–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vassilev, A., Mihaylova, M.S., Racheva, K., Zlatkova, M. & Anderson, R. (2003). Spatial summation of S-cone ON and OFF signals: Effects of retinal eccentricity. Vision Research 43, 2875–2884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, A.B. (1979). Probability summation over time. Vision Research 19, 515–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisowaty, J.J. & Boynton, R.M. (1980). Temporal modulation sensitivity of the blue mechanism: Measurements made without chromatic adaptation. Vision Research 20, 895–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed