Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T20:41:59.525Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“DOES IT BUZZ?”: IMAGE AND TEXT IN EDWARD LEAR'S LIMERICKS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2017

Constance W. Hassett*
Affiliation:
Fordham University

Extract

The limericks of Edward Lear (1812–1888) prompted a mid-Victorian craze that flourishes to this day. Gorgeously illustrated new limericks appear in a 2015 issue of Poetry magazine (Madrid), a five-line skewering of Stalin is tucked into a recent New York Times obituary (Grimes). The newly founded Edward Lear Society celebrates at the Knowsley estate, and the keeper of the Edward Lear website adds a new feature on Lear and Comics. The British Academy's Chatterton lecturer attends to Lear's birds, including the parrot that “seized” a man's nose and the raven that “danced a quadrille” (Bevis 39, 41) – Lear's first work, it must be remembered, was the magnificent Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots (1832). Of course he is best known today as a writer of nonsense (Peck 15). The illustrated limerick, his lighthearted venture into a double genre, perennially raises questions among his admirers and scholars about the internal dynamics linking its components. Borrowing from recent discussions of various picture-poem combinations, one might call the illustrated limericks in A Book of Nonsense “picture-limericks” (Dilworth 42), “imagetexts” (Mitchell, Picture Theory 89), or “iconotexts” (Louvel). As the labels all suggest, the core issue is the proximity of two media and whether or how they converge.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

WORKS CITED

Anecdotes and Adventures of Fifteen Gentlemen. London: E. Marshall, ca. 1823.Google Scholar
Anecdotes and Adventures of Fifteen Young Ladies. London: E. Marshall [c. 1822]. The Hockliffe Project. Web. 23 Aug. 2016.Google Scholar
Barton, Anna. “Delirious Bulldogs and Nasty Crockery: Tennyson as Nonsense Poet.” Victorian Poetry 47.1 (Spring 2009): 313330. Project Muse. Web. 12 May 2012.Google Scholar
Baum, Paull Franklin, ed. The House of Life, A Sonnet Sequence by Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1928.Google Scholar
Belknap, George N.History of the Limerick.” The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 75 (1981): 132. ProQuest. Web. 24 Aug. 2016.Google Scholar
Bevis, Matthew. “Edward Lear's lines of flight.” Journal of the British Academy 1 (posted 18 July 2013): 3169. Web. 4 Sept. 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewick, Thomas. Bewick's Select fables of Aesop and Others. London, 1871. Internet Archive. Web. 9 April 2016.Google Scholar
“A Book of Nonsense.” Rev. A Book of Nonsense by Edward Lear. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 11 Jan. 1862: 3. 19th Century British Newspapers. Web. 6 Sept. 2015.Google Scholar
“Books of the Week.” Times (London), 4 Aug.1898: 12. Times (London) Digital Archive 1785–2010. Web. 4 April 2016.Google Scholar
Brown, Daniel. The Poetry of Victorian Scientists: Style, Science and Nonsense. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.Google Scholar
Carroll, Lewis. The Annotated Alice: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. Ed. Gardner, Martin. New York: Potter, 1960.Google Scholar
Cassidy, John A.Robert Buchanan and the Fleshly Controversy.” PMLA 67 (March 1952): 6593. JSTOR. Web. 9 Sept. 2015.Google Scholar
Colley, Ann C.Edward Lear's Anti-Colonial Bestiary.” Victorian Poetry 30. 2 (Summer 1992): 109–20. JSTOR. Web. 6 May 2013.Google Scholar
Colley, Ann C.Edward Lear's Limericks and the Reversals of Nonsense.” Victorian Poetry 26.3 (Autumn 1988): 285–99. JSTOR. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.Google Scholar
Colvin, Sidney. “Sing-Song: A Nursery-rhyme Book.” Academy 3.40 (Jan. 1872): 2324. HathiTrust. Web. 13 May 2016.Google Scholar
Dilworth, Thomas. “Society and the Self in the Limericks of Lear.” Review of English Studies, New Series 45. 177 (Feb. 1994): 4262. JSTOR. Web. 9 June 2013.Google Scholar
Ede, Lisa. “Edward Lear's Limericks and their Illustrations.” Explorations in the Field of Nonsense. Ed. Tigges, Wim. Amsterdam: Rodopi 1987. 103–16. Google Books. Web. 6 Sept. 2015.Google Scholar
“Edward Lear: The Bicentennial Conference.” The Edward Lear Society, Sept. 2012. Web. 7 Jan. 2017.Google Scholar
Gilman, Ernest B.Word and Image in Quarles’ ‘Emblems.’Critical Inquiry 6.3 (1980): 385410. JSTOR. Web. 19 March 2016.Google Scholar
Gombrich, E. H. Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation. 1960. Princeton: Princeton UP, Second Printing 1972.Google Scholar
Grimes, William. “Robert Conquest, 98, Dies; Chronicled Soviet Horrors.” New York Times 5 Aug. 2015, Obituaries B13.Google Scholar
Hark, Ina Rae. Edward Lear. Boston: Twayne, 1982.Google Scholar
Heyman, Michael. “A New Defense of Nonsense; or, Where Then Is His Phallus? and Other Questions Not to Ask.” Children's Literature Association Quarterly 24.4 (Winter 1999): 187–94. Project Muse. Web. 12 May 2012.Google Scholar
Hill, Richard J.Robert Louis Stevenson's Davos Studio: Author and Art in 1882.” Scottish Literary Review 2.2 (2010): 6583. EBSCO. Web. 4 April 2016.Google Scholar
The History of Sixteen Wonderful Old Women. London: J. Harris and Son, 1822. The Hockliffe Project. Web. 23 Aug. 2016.Google Scholar
Höltgen, Karl Josef. Aspects of the Emblem: Studies in the English Emblem Tradition and the European Context. Kassel: Edition Reichenberger, 1986.Google Scholar
Jack and Jill and Old Dame Gill . 1806. Internet Archive. Web. 9 April 2016.Google Scholar
Katz, Wendy R.‘Mark, Printed on the Opposing Page’: Robert Louis Stevenson's Moral Emblems .” Emblematica: An Interdisciplinary Journal for Emblem Studies 2.2 (Fall 1987): 337–54.Google Scholar
The Kettledrummer. “Judy's Literary Kettledrum.” Judy (London, England) (24 June 1896): 615. 19th Century UK Periodicals. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.Google Scholar
Kooistra, Lorraine Janzen. Christina Rossetti and Illustration: A Publishing History. Athens: Ohio UP, 2002.Google Scholar
Kress, Gunther, and van Leeuwen, Theo. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Lear, Edward. A Book of Nonsense. London: Routledge, Warne, and Routledge, 1861.Google Scholar
Lear, Edward. The Complete Verse and Other Nonsense. Ed. Noakes, Vivien. London: Penguin, 2001.Google Scholar
Lear, Edward. Letters of Edward Lear, Author of “The Book of Nonsense” to Chichester Fortescue, Lord Carlingford, and Frances, Countess Waldegrave. Ed. Strachey, Lady. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1908. Internet Archive. Web. 16 April 2016.Google Scholar
Lear, Edward. More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, Etc. London: R. J. Bush, 1872.Google Scholar
Leech, John. “Rival Stars.” Cartoon. Punch 3.14. (1868): 115. Punch Magazine Cartoon Archive. Web. 5 Aug. 2015.Google Scholar
Louvel, Liliane. Poetics of the Iconotext. Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.Google Scholar
Madrid, Anthony. “Limericks: Illustrations by Mark Fletcher.” Poetry (July/August 2015): 329–38.Google Scholar
Maitland, Thomas [Robert Buchanan]. “The Fleshly School of Poetry: Mr. D. G. Rossetti.” Contemporary Review 18 (1871): 334–50. ProQuest. Web. 6 Sept. 2015.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Richard. “Palms and Temples: Edward Lear's Topographies.” Victorian Poetry 48.1 (Spring 2010): 7394. Project Muse. Web. 23 March 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.Google Scholar
McGann, Jerome J.Literature by Design Since 1790.” Victorian Poetry 48.1 (Spring 2010): 1140. Project Muse. Web. 3 Dec. 2012.Google Scholar
Miller, Henry J.John Leech and the Shaping of the Victorian Cartoon: The Context of Respectability.” Victorian Periodicals Review 42.3 (Fall 2009): 267–91. JSTOR. Web. 28 June 2015.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T. Blake's Composite Art: A Study of the Illuminated Poetry. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1978.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1994.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T. What Do Pictures Want?: The Lives and Loves of Images. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2005.Google Scholar
“Nonsense in the Early Comics.” Nonsenselit.org, 2 January 2013. Web. 8 Aug. 2015.Google Scholar
“Omitted from the Book of Nonsense.” Fun. Saturday, 26 November 1864: 101. ProQuest. British Periodicals. Web. 6 Sept. 2015.Google Scholar
Orme, Nicholas. Fleas, Flies, and Friars: Children's Poetry from the Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2012. elibrary. Web. 24 April 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, Robert McCracken. “Edward Lear's Parrots.” Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. 1832; Oakland: Octavo, 2003. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 20 Aug. 2013.Google Scholar
Pennell, Joseph. “Robert Louis Stevenson, Illustrator.” The Studio: An Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art 9 (1896-97): 1724. Google Books. Web. 4 April 2016.Google Scholar
Potsch, Elisabeth, and Williams, Robert F.. “Image Schemas and Conceptual Metaphor in Action Comics.” Linguistics and the Study of Comics. Ed. Bramlett, Frank. New York: Palgrave, 2012. 1336.Google Scholar
“Punch's Essence of Parliament.” Punch, Saturday April 12, 1862: 143. 19th Century UK Periodicals. Web. 7 July 2013.Google Scholar
Quarles, Francis. Emblemes (1635): Edward Benlowes Quarlëis ; and, Hieroglyphikes of the Life of Man (1638). Intro. by Höltgen, Karl Josef and Horden, John. Facsimile. New York: Olms, 1993.Google Scholar
Rieder, John. “Edward Lear's Limericks: The Function of Children's Nonsense Poetry.” Children's Literature 26 (1998): 4760. ProQuest. Web. 6 Aug. 2015.Google Scholar
Rossetti, Christina. The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti. Ed. Crump, R. W.. London: Penguin, 2001.Google Scholar
Rossetti, Christina. Sing-Song: A Nursery Rhyme Book with 120 illustrations by Arthur Hughes. London: Macmillan, 1893. Internet Archive. Web. 4 April 2016.Google Scholar
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. Collected Poetry and Prose: Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Ed. McGann, Jerome. New Haven: Yale UP. 2003.Google Scholar
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. “Introductory Sonnet.” Rossetti Archive. Web. 14 March 2016.Google Scholar
Rowlandson, Thomas. Vaux-Hall (1785). British Museum. image ID 00683732001. Object ref. no. 1880,1113.5484. Web. 35 Aug. 2016.Google Scholar
Shires, Linda M. Perspectives: Modes of Viewing and Knowing in Nineteenth-Century England. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2009.Google Scholar
Smolderen, Thierry. The Origins of Comics: From William Hogarth to Winsor McCay. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2014.Google Scholar
Stauffer, Andrew. M.The Lost Pamphlet Version of D. G. Rossetti's ‘The Stealthy School of Criticism.’” Victorian Poetry 41.2 (2003): 197227. Project Muse. Web. 9 Sept. 2015.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Robert Louis. “The Graver and the Pen.” The Collected Poems of Robert Louis Stevenson. Ed. Lewis, Roger C.. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2003.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Robert Louis. Moral Emblems. A Second Collection of Cuts and Verses. Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1882. British Library. Web. 4 April 2016.Google Scholar
Stewart, Susan. Nonsense: Aspects of Intertextuality in Folklore and Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1979.Google Scholar
Welsh, Andrew. Roots of Lyric: Primitive Poetry and Modern Poetics. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1978.Google Scholar