Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T04:34:23.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

International cities in the dual systems model: the transformations of Los Angeles and Washington

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 February 2009

Extract

The popularization of ‘World City’ as an analytical concept dates to 1966. Taking up a term introduced fifty years earlier by Patrick Geddes, Peter Hall's now classic description of The World Cities explored the evolution of a handful of key urban areas from national into global roles and functions. The original emphasis on size and comprehensive economic functins has since been extended by the argument that a distinct class of global cities are a characteristic product of the technologies and economy of the late twentieth century. As well, such cities are thought to embrace common spatial forms that respond to a specific balance of centralizing and decentralizing tendencies in the location of commercial, financial, and manufacturing industries.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1 Hall, Peter, The World Cities (1966). David Hamer has pointed out that nineteenth-century urban boosters in the United States sometimes projected their own community as a ‘world-city’ that would grow to dominate world commerce as the American nation grew to dominate fading empires.Google Scholar Hamer, David, New Cities in the New World: Images and Perceptions of the Nineteenth Century Urban Frontier (1990), 130.Google Scholar

2 Compare Albion, Robert G., The Rise of New York Port: 1815–1860 (1939);Google Scholar Rubin, Julius, ‘Canal or railroad? Imitation and innovation in the respones to the Erie Canal in Philadelphia, Baltirmore, and BostonTransactions of the American Philosophical Society, 51 (1961); andCrossRefGoogle Scholar Lindstrom, Diane, Economic Development in the Philadelphia Region (1978).Google Scholar

3 Bender, Thomas, New York Intellect: A History of Intellectual Life in new York City, From 1750 to the Beginnings of Our Own Time (1987).Google Scholar

4 Vernon, Raymond, Metropolis 1985: An Interpretation of the Findings of the New York Metropolitan Study (1960), 7885;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Gottmann, Jean, Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (1961);Google Scholar Cohen, R.B., ‘The new international division of labour, multinational corporations, and urban hierarchy’, in Dear, Michael and Scott, Allan J. (eds), Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society (1981), 287315; Hall, World Cities.Google Scholar

5 Duncan, Otis D., Scott, W.R., Lieberson, Stanley, Duncan, Beverly and Halwinsborough Metropolis and Region (1961);Google Scholar Stanback, Thomas and Noyelle, Thierry, The Economic Transformation of American Cities (1983).Google Scholar

6 Soja, Edward, Morales, Rebecca, and Wolff, Goetz, ‘Urban restructuring: ananalysis of social and spatial change in Los Angeles’, Economic Geography, 59 (1983), 195230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 The purpose of the analysis is not to comopare Washington and Los Angeles as direct rivals, but to use both cases to give historical grounding to the increasing cited concept of world city.Google Scholar

8 Christaller, Walter, Central Places in Southern Germany (1966);Google Scholar Loesch, August, The Economics of Location (1954);Google Scholar Ullman, Edward, ‘A theory of location for cities’, American Journal of Sociology, 46 (1941), 835–65;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Berry, Brian J.L., The Geography of Market Centers and Retail Distribution (1967).Google Scholar

9 Vance, James, The Merchant's World: The Geography of Wholesaling (1970);Google Scholar Pred, Allan, City-Systems in Advanced Economies (1977);Google Scholar Harris, R. Cole, ‘The historical geohraphy of North American regions’, American Behavioral Scientist, 22 (1978), 115–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Walters, Pamela Barnhouse ‘Systems of cities and urban primacy: problems of definition and measurement’, in Timberlake, Michael (ed.), Urbanization in the World-Economy (1985), 6392.Google Scholar

11 Chase-Dunn, Christopher, ‘A system of world cities, A.D. 800–1975’, in Timberlake, Urbanization in the World-Economy, 369–92.Google Scholar

12 Sassen-Koob, Saskia, ‘Capital mobility and labor migration: their expression in core cities’, in Timberlake, Urbanization in the World-Economy, 231–65.Google Scholar

13 Friedmann, John and Wolff, Goetz, ‘World city formation: an agenda for research and action’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 6 (1982), 309–44;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Friedmann, John, ‘The world city hypothesis’, Development and Change, 17 (1986), 6983;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Castells, Manuel, ‘High technology and urban dynamics in the United States’, in Dogan, Mattei and Kasarda, John (eds), The Metropolis Era: A World of Giant Cities (1988), 85110; Cohen, ‘The new international divisioin of labor’.Google Scholar

14 Friedmann and Wolff, ‘World city formation’, 329.Google Scholar

15 Teune, Henry, ‘Growth and pathologies of giant cities’, in Dotgan and Kasarda, The Metropolis Era, 359.Google Scholar

16 Batten, Drvied F., ‘Studies of metroplitan development: an overview’, Annals of Regional Science, 22 (1988), 110;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Pred, , City-Systems, 98165.Google Scholar

17 Skinner, G. William, ‘Urban development in Late Imperial China’ and ‘Cities and the hierarchy of local syatems’, in Skinner, G. William (ed.), The city in Late Imperial China (1977), 327, 275–352.Google Scholar

18 Fox, Edward W., History of Geographic Perspective: The Other France (1971).Google Scholar

19 Hohenberg, Paul and Lees, Lynn H., The Making of urban Europe, 1000–1950 (1985).Google Scholar

20 Nelson, Howard, ‘A service classification of American cities, Economic Geography, 31 (1955), 189210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 dumke, Glenn, The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

22 Scott, Mel, Metropolitan Los Angeles: One Community (1949), 25–7;Google Scholar Rolle, Andrew, Los Angeles: From Pueblo to City of the Future (1981), 37–9.Google Scholar

23 Baur, John E., Health Seekers of Southern California (1959).Google Scholar

24 Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920, Vol. IX: Manufactures, 97;Google Scholar Smolensky, Eugene and Ratajczak, Donald, ‘The conception of cities’, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 2nd Series, 2 (1965), 90130.Google Scholar

25 Viehe, Fred, ‘Black gold suburbs: the influence of extractive industry in the suburbanization of Los Angeles, 1890–1930’, Journal of Urban History, 8 (1981), 326;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Scott, , Metropolitan Los Angeles, 28, 3536; Rolle, Los Angeles, 40–3.Google Scholar

26 Coons, Arthur G., An Economic and Industrial Survey of the Los Angeles and San Diego Areas (1942);Google Scholar Jacobs, Jane, The Economy of Cities (1969), 150–5;Google Scholar Scott, , Metropolitan Los Angeles, 40.Google Scholar

27 Wheeler, James O., ‘The corporate role of large metropolitan areas in the United States’, Growth and Change, 19 (1988), 7586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28 Cohen, ‘The new international division of labour’, 302–3.Google Scholar

29 Borchert, John, ‘America's changing metropolitan regions’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 62 (1972), 352–73;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Adams, Russell B., ‘US metropolitan migration: dimensions and predictability’, Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers, 1 (1969), 116;Google Scholar Conzen, Michael P. and Phillips, Phillip D., ‘The nature of metropolitan networks’, in Christian, Charles and Harper, Robert (eds), Modern Metropolitan Systems (1982), 328.Google Scholar

30 McWilliams, Carey, North from Mexico (1948);Google Scholar Romo, Ricardo, East Los Angeles: History of a Barrio (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

31 McGroarty, John S., Los Angeles: A Maritime City (1912);Google Scholar Hunter, Sherley, Why Los Angeles Will Become the World's Greatest City (1923).Google Scholar

32 US Department of Commerce, United States Waterborne Exports and General Imports (annual series); Manalytics, Inc., The Competitive Position of the Bay Area Container Ports (1987); Security Pacific Bank, Portrait for Progress: Entering the 21st Century (1988).Google Scholar

33 ‘The New Ellis Island’, Time, 13 June 1983, 1825;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Light, Ivan, ‘Los Angeles’, in Dogan and Kasarda, The Metropolis Era, 56–9;Google Scholar Scott, Allen J., Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form (1988), 93105.Google Scholar

34 Barkan, Elliott, ‘New origins, new homelands: immigration to selected sunbelt cities since 1965’, in Mohl, Raymond (ed.), Searching for the Sunbelt (1990).Google Scholar

35 Haas, Gilda and Heskin, Allan, ‘Community struggles in Los Angeles’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 5 (1981), 546–64;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Leventhal, K. and Co., Japanese Investment in United States Real Estate (1989).Google Scholar

36 Rand McNally Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide (1986); Soja, Morales and Wolff, ‘Urban restructuring’, 222–6.Google Scholar

37 Green, Constance McLaughlin, Washington: Village and Capital (1962), 322.Google Scholar

38 Gutheim, Frederick, The Potomac (1949), 268, 175;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Green, , Washington, 1118, 157, 192–4.Google Scholar

39 US Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1975).Google Scholar

40 Adams, Henry, Democracy: An American Novel (1880);Google Scholar Ralph, Julian, Dixie, or Southern Scenes and Sketches (1896), 341, 372.Google Scholar

41 Bryce, James, The American Commonwealth (rev. ed., 1910), II, 855–61.Google Scholar

42 Anderson, Alexander, Greater Washington: The Nation's City Viewed from the Material Standpoint (1897).Google Scholar

43 Shoemaker, Louis, Manufacturing in the District of Columbia (1905);Google Scholar Wright, Carroll D., ‘The economic development of Washington’, Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1 (1899), 180–2;Google Scholar Street, Julian, ‘Wartime Washington’, Saturday Evening Post, 190 (1918), 3.Google Scholar

44 Reps, John, Monumental Washington: The Planning and Development of the Capital Center (1967);Google Scholar Gutheim, Frederick, Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital (1977).Google Scholar

45 Washington Board of Trade, Thirteenth Annual Report (1903); Washington Chamber of Commerce, Annual Report (1919).Google Scholar

46 Pomeroy, Earl, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (1957);Google Scholar Jakle, John, The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth Century North America (1985).Google Scholar

47 Washington Board of Trade, The Book of Washington, Sponsored by the Washington Board of Trade (1930); Washington Chamber of Commerce, Greater Washington [monthly magazine], 19201933.Google Scholar

48 Logan, Rayford, Howard University: The First Hundred Years, 1867–1967 (1969);Google Scholar Brown, Letitia W. and Lewis, Elsie M., Washington in the New Era (1972);Google Scholar Johnson, Ronald M., ‘Those who stayed: Washington black writers of the 1920s’, Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 50 (1980), 484–99.Google Scholar

49 Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics.Google Scholar

50 Shidler, Atlee (ed.), Greater Washington in 1980 (1980);Google Scholar Hamer, and Company Associates, ‘Economic development in the Washington area’, staff report for the Joint Congressional Committee on Washington Area Problems (1958).Google Scholar

51 Daniels, Jonathan, Frontier on the Potomac (1946);Google Scholar Jordan, Mary, ‘Trade groups flock to region’, Washington Post, 19 February 1987;Google Scholar Sugawara, Sandra, ‘Mobil will become biggest business based here’, Washington Post, 3 May 1987.Google Scholar

52 The District of Columbia was a net ‘importer’ of 5,000 college and university students in 1920–21, of 24,000 in 1949–50, and of 38,000 in 1968–69. See Zook, George, The Residence of Students in Universities and Colleges (1922);Google Scholar Strong, Robert, Residence and Migration of College Students, 19491950 (1951); andGoogle Scholar Wade, George, Residence and Migration of College Students, Fall 1968 (1969).Google Scholar

53 Abbott, Carl, ‘Perspectives on urban economic planning: the case of Washington, DC, since 1880’, The Public Historian, 11 (1989), 1619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

54 Greater Washington Board of Trade, A Capital Link (1987).Google Scholar

55 Office of Planning, Government of the District of Columbia, Downtown DC: Recommendations for the Downtown Plan (1982).Google Scholar

56 Urban Land Institute, Development Review and Outlook, 1983–84 (1983), 191–4;Google Scholar Soja, , Morales, , and Wolff, , ‘Urban restructuring’, 211.Google Scholar

57 Garreau, Joel, The Nine Nations of North America (1981), 100–6.Google Scholar

58 Morgan, Neil, Westward Tilt: The American West Today (1969);Google Scholar Starr, Kevin, Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era (1985);Google Scholar McWilliams, Carey, California: The Great Exception (1949);Google Scholar Abbott, Carl, ‘Southwestern cityscapes: approaches to an American urban environment’, in Robert Fairbanks and Kathleen Underwood (eds), Essays on Sunbelt Cities and Recent Urban America (1990), 5986;Google Scholar Vance, James, ‘California and the search for the ideal’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 62 (1972), 185210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar