A trust-wide survey of all in-patients to estimate the prevalence of likely deprivation of liberty and to investigate how two different approaches to measuring deprivation might affect the number identified.

A notable difference in the results was detected when comparing the two methods. One survey method identified deprivation of liberty factors in 84% of informal incapacitous patients, whereas a different approach that weighed up the factors in accordance with the UK government's interpretation of the case law detected only 11% as potential cases.

To be usefully implemented, the deprivation of liberty safeguards require an accurate method of assessment in order to target those the process is designed to protect. This survey demonstrates the difficulties in defining deprivation of liberty and highlights the issue of how it is best measured.

To establish prevalence of domestic violence among female psychiatric patients, including risk factors, health professional attention and acceptability of routine enquiry. Participants were 70 adult women in an inner-city community mental health team who received questionnaire and case-note review. Main outcome measures were: lifetime/point prevalence of domestic violence; attitudes to routine enquiry; past disclosure and recording in psychiatric records; clinical and demographic risk factors.

Lifetime prevalence was 60% for physical violence from partners, 27% during pregnancy and 40% receiving injuries. Point prevalence was not reported, as an insufficient number of participants were currently in a relationship. As many as 82% regarded routine enquiry as acceptable, but only 24% had ever been questioned. Logistic regression analysis showed prediction by presence of children, previous overdose, and experience of sexual abuse.

Domestic violence in female psychiatric patients is common but undetected. Enquiry should be routine, but would require staff training.

Tackling discrimination, stigma and inequalities in mental health is a major UK government objective yet people with intellectual disabilities continue to suffer serious stigma and discrimination. The project aimed to determine the effect of viewing a picture of a person with intellectual disability on stigmatised attitudes. The 20-point Attitude to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ) was used and a representative panel of members of the general public were randomised to complete the questionnaire either with (experimental) or without (control) looking at a picture of a man with Down syndrome. Six months later the same experiment was performed with the groups crossed over.

Results were received for 360 participants (response rate 87–93%). The sequence (control or experimental) had no significant effect on the outcome. The mean AMIQ score in the control groups was 1.56 (s.d. = 2.85, s.e. = 0.21, n =186) and in the experiment group (after looking at the pictures) was 2.43 (s.d. = 2.59, s.e. = 0.12, n = 174; median difference 1, P = 0.0016 Mann-Whitney U-test; effect size 0.23).

Looking at a picture of a man with Down syndrome significantly reduces reported stigmatised attitudes.

To investigate liaison psychiatry services across 38 acute trusts in the south of England. We used a telephone survey and compared the results to service structure and function as recommended by the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Approximately two-thirds of trusts surveyed had a dedicated liaison service and this was not significantly related to hospital size. Most liaison teams were understaffed in all disciplines and only a third had a full-time consultant. Services for specialist patient groups were generally well provided for; 37% of teams had been created in the past 5 years and 33% were planning to increase their staffing levels in future.

Liaison services in the south of England are similar to those in other parts of the UK that have been surveyed. Although the services did not meet the Colleges' recommendations, our study shows some recent growth and development in this specialty.

To establish whether cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) with response and exposure prevention (ERP) is effective in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Twenty-four patients with OCD, divided into four groups, participated in ten sessions of group CBT. All patients completed the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Maudsley Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) pre- and post-treatment.

The mean (s.d.) YBOC score post-treatment was 17.1 (5.8). This was significantly lower than the mean (s.d.) YBOC pre-treatment (24.7 (6.1); t = 8.4, d.f. = 23, P < 0.005). A significant reduction was also observed in relation to all other rating scales.

Cognitive–behavioural therapy for OCD delivered in a group setting is a clinically effective and acceptable treatment for patients. The use of group-based CBT is an effective means to improve access to psychotherapy.

All child and adolescent psychiatrists and community paediatricians in the former Trent Region were surveyed about their antipsychotic prescribing practice during 1 year, including monitoring, and whether they would like consensus guidelines on prescribing and monitoring of antipsychotics in children and adolescents.

The majority (88%) of child psychiatrists and 33% of paediatricians had prescribed atypical antipsychotics, most commonly risperidone. Only two psychiatrists had prescribed a typical antipsychotic and no paediatrician had done so. Challenging behaviour in developmental disorders was the most common indication for atypicals. Both child psychiatrists and paediatricians prescribed atypicals for non-psychotic developmental disorders, whereas prescribing for psychosis occurred almost exclusively among psychiatrists. Height, weight and blood pressure were routinely monitored, but waist circumference was rarely measured and there was wide variation in the monitoring of other parameters such as blood glucose, prolactin and extrapyramidal side-effects. Three-quarters of the participants felt there was a need for guidance on prescribing and monitoring atypical antipsychotic therapy.

The greater prescription of antipsychotics by child and adolescent psychiatrists may reflect differences in case-load and training. Routine monitoring of adverse effects is inconsistent among prescribers. The survey highlights the need for training and guidance on prescribing and monitoring of atypical antipsychotic use in children and adolescents.

To analyse clinical outcome indicator data from the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for People with Learning Disabilities (HoNOS-LD) in adults with intellectual disability admitted to mental health wards during a 19-month period; and to identify clinically relevant domains of change associated with in-patient admission.

Significant improvements were found in mental state, behaviour and social functioning. Improvements were also found in cognition and activities of daily living.

The HoNOS-LD is a useful tool for measuring clinical outcomes in several relevant domains and guiding in-patient treatment in learning disability psychiatry. It may also provide a currency for payment-by-results and influence the commissioning of learning disability services.

Dispensing of methadone to individuals with opioid dependence is a discretionary service and many independent pharmacies remain unwilling to do this. We aimed to determine whether there was any correlation between negative stigmatised attitude towards these individuals and the likelihood of methadone dispensing. The 20-point Attitude to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ) was used to assess stigmatised attitudes in a cluster randomised sample of managers of community pharmacies in England.

The response rate was 66%. The AMIQ stigma scores had a median difference of 1 and effect size of 0.42 in favour of those pharmacies which dispensed methadone (mean = 0.53; n = 138) compared with those who did not (mean = 0.93; n = 69; P <0.001).

The results show a clear behavioural distinction (discrimination) based on stigmatised attitudes towards individuals with opioid dependence. This may arise because managers with stigmatised attitudes refuse to dispense methadone to this group. Conversely, familiarity with these individuals may have a de-stigmatising effect.

To describe a new open access community service for people with personality disorder and to explore interim service utilisation and outcomes. Routine data were analysed together with those from a cross-sectional survey.

During the first 16 months of the service, 171 people attended, of whom 142 (83.0%) returned on at least one other occasion. The median number of attendances was seven (IQR = 3.0–22.0). Over 90% of responders to the survey met criteria for ‘probable personality disorder’ and levels of social dysfunction were high. Presentations to emergency services, contacts with other services and in-patient admissions were reduced. Social functioning improved.

This service attracted a large number of people with significant health and social problems. Use of the service was associated with improved social functioning and reduced use of other services.

Although alcohol is reported as commonly associated with self-harm, there is nothing in the literature that bases the association on validated screening tools. We sought to discern the different types of alcohol use as discriminated by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Completed AUDITs from a 2-year period were analysed, all relating to people who had presented to a district general hospital in Northumberland following self-harm.

The proportion of dependent, harmful and hazardous drinkers identified using AUDIT was many times higher than previously estimated in similar studies that had not used a validated alcohol screening tool.

The routine use of an alcohol screening tool should be part of any standard psychosocial assessment of self-harm, to guide appropriate interventions for problematic alcohol use that might otherwise be overlooked.

We explored sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with obtaining employment for people with severe mental illness. Standardised validated interviews and questionnaires were administered to participants who had been recruited into a randomised controlled trial of supported employment.

Older age and diagnosis of schizophrenia were found to be independent predictors of unemployment in the previous year. Other factors of unemployment such as ethnicity and educational level were not associated with obtaining employment.

Older people and those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia may need additional targeted help in obtaining employment if they are to be helped to meet their vocational aims. Further research is needed to determine how this can be done most effectively.

To assess the impact of a total smoking ban in a high secure psychiatric hospital. Staff and patients were surveyed before and after implementation. Data were collected on untoward incidents, seclusions, nicotine replacement therapy and changes in psychotropic medication.

Of the 298 patients in the hospital for the evaluation period, 72.8% were smokers before the ban. There were no significant differences in rates of seclusion before and after the ban and only one significant comparison (P =0.01) showed an increase in untoward incidents for smokers. There were no significant increases in the use of psychotropic medication after the ban.

With adequate preparation, it is possible to implement a total smoking ban in a high secure psychiatric setting without serious negative consequences.

There has been much uncertainty about the concept of recovery in psychosis. The aim of this paper is to conceptualise recovery, through service users' descriptions of their recovery stories. A qualitative approach (interpretive phenomenological analysis) was used to guide interviews and analysis of data.

Eight service users were interviewed about their recovery from psychosis. Data analysis revealed four superordinate themes: ‘impacts on mental health’, ‘self-change and adaptation’, ‘social redefinition’ and ‘individualised coping mechanisms’.

Data indicates that multiple dimensions of recovery are all important to individuals when considering their subjective experiences of recovery from psychosis. Recovery can only be conceptualised by the person making the recovery journey and treatment outcome measures must reflect this individuality.

Non-attendance rates in a psychiatric out-patient clinic and the effectiveness of telephone or postal reminders in reducing non-attendance were evaluated. All patients who did not attend the clinic for their second appointment within 2 weeks were contacted by telephone or letter. Patients who failed to attend the clinic 6 weeks after the reminder were classified as non-attendees.

Rate of non-attendance before the intervention was 31.3% (n = 61/195). After the intervention this was reduced to 23.1%, a relative risk reduction of 26.2%. Being male, not being prescribed medicines, having a diagnosis of psychoactive substance use or dementia were risk factors for non-attendance (odds ratio, OR>1). Risk of non-attendance was low for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depressive disorder (OR <1).

A simple low-cost intervention in the form of a reminder reduced non-attendance rates. Routine implementation of this intervention should be considered in all psychiatry out-patient services in low- and middle-income countries.

To describe the long-term outcome of 165 people taken onto assertive outreach teams.

After a mean follow-up of 6 years and 8 months, 130 people remained in contact with local services of whom 100 were still under the care of an assertive outreach team. Admission rates remained around half those at inception. However, 16 individuals had died, 10 spent time in prison, 12 were homeless and 14 had protracted stays in hospital during the follow-up period.

Although assertive outreach teams are successful in engaging individuals and reducing admission rates, these benefits plateau after the first few years and could possibly be sustained by other services that may in addition focus more on those areas where teams have proven less effective including physical health, housing and employment.

To describe the psychotropic medication given to 332 patients admitted consecutively to seven English psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) by prospective, multicentre case-note analysis.

Overall, 104 (32%) patients received rapid tranquillisation or zuclopenthixol acetate by intramuscular injection; 72 (23%) received more than one regular antipsychotic drug simultaneously. It was reported that 20 patients received high-dose antipsychotic medication, which was probably an underestimate. The use of these interventions varied significantly between different units.

Potentially risky treatments such as forcible intramuscular medication are a standard part of PICU activity. Further work is needed to clarify the reasons behind the differences in prescribing practices between different PICUs.