Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8bljj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-28T12:03:27.413Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dissipation and the Formation of Galaxies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2017

R.G. Carlberg*
Affiliation:
York University and CITA, Toronto and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The evidence for dissipation in elliptical galaxies indicates neither the epoch of formation nor the rate of radiation. The hypotheses for the formation of ellipticals include mergers of pre-existing, mostly stellar, disk galaxies; accumulation of gassy fragments that subsequently turn into stars; and the dynamical collapse of a distinct protogalactic gas cloud with simultaneous star formation. Mergers of purely stellar disks seem unlikely, because the phase space density of disks is everywhere far below that of the cores of normal ellipticals. Allowing a few percent of the mass of the galaxy to dissipate into the core and turn into stars could remove this difficulty. In the Hubble sequence of galaxies, ellipticals are characterized by their low angular momentum content. As a start to understanding the general problem for galaxy formation and angular momentum acquisition in the presence of dissipation, a cosmological N-body experiment containing both a dominant collisionless component and an isothermal gas is described. The collisionless component clusters in the usual hierarchical manner appropriate to the spectrum of fluctuations. In contrast, the gas fragments only when the Jeans mass drops below the turnaround mass. The fragments subsequently shrink, becoming distinct entities with relatively low chances of being quickly incorporated in a larger unit. Gravitational torques transfer angular momentum outward in the dissipating gas, placing most of the gas angular momentum at large radii in the protogalaxy. The distant, high angular momentum gas has a relatively long infall time onto the galaxy. The gas may continue to rain down for some time if the galaxy remains undisturbed, or, the growth of clustering may strip the gas off, leaving a low angular momentum system.

Type
Invited Reviews
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1987 

References

REFERENCES

Aarseth, S. J. and Fall, S. M. 1980, Ap. J., 236, 43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binney, J. J. 1977, Ap. J., 215, 483.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, G. R., Faber, S. M., Primack, J., and Rees, M. J. 1984, Nature, 311, 517.Google Scholar
Carlberg, R. G. 1984a, Ap. J., 286, 403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlberg, R. G. 1984b, Ap. J., 286, 416.Google Scholar
Carlberg, R. G. 1985, in The Milky Way Galaxy, I.A.U. Symp. No. 106, ed. van Woerden, H., p. 615.Google Scholar
Carlberg, R. G. 1986, Ap. J., 309, in press.Google Scholar
Davies, R. L., Efstathiou, G., Fall, S. M., Illingworth, G., and Schechter, P. L. 1983, Ap. J., 266, 41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dressler, A. 1980, Ap. J., 236, 351.Google Scholar
Duncan, M. J., Farouki, R. T., and Shapiro, S. L. 1983, Ap. J., 271, 22.Google Scholar
Efstathiou, G., Fall, S. M., and Hogan, C. 1979, M. N. R. A. S., 189, 203.Google Scholar
Fall, S. M. 1983, in Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, I.A.U. Symp. 100, ed. Athanassoula, E., (Reidel: Dordrecht).Google Scholar
Fish, R. A. 1964, Ap. J., 139, 284.Google Scholar
Frenk, C., White, S. D. M., Efstathiou, G., and Davis, M. 1985, Nature, 317, 670.Google Scholar
Goodman, J. and Binney, J. 1983, M. N. R. A. S., 203, 265.Google Scholar
Hoyle, F. 1949, in Problems in Cosmical Aerodynamics (Central Air Documents Office: Dayton, Ohio), p. 195.Google Scholar
Illingworth, G. 1977, Ap. J. (Letters), 218, L43.Google Scholar
Jones, C., Mandel, E., Schwarz, J., Forman, W., Murray, S. S., and Harnden, F. R. Jr. 1979, Ap. J. (Letters), 234, L21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kormendy, J. 1985, Ap. J., 295, 73.Google Scholar
Kormendy, J. 1986, private communication. Google Scholar
Larson, R. B. 1969, M. N. R. A. S., 145, 271.Google Scholar
Larson, R. B. 1975, M. N. R. A. S., 173, 671.Google Scholar
Larson, R. B., Tinsley, B., and Caldwell, N. 1980, Ap. J., 237, 693.Google Scholar
Lauer, T. R. 1985, Ap. J., 292, 104.Google Scholar
Lin, C. C., Mestel, , and Shu, F. H. 1965, Ap. J., 142, 1431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D. 1964, Ap. J., 139, 1195.Google Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D. 1979, Observatory, 99, 89.Google Scholar
Miller, R. H. and Smith, B. F. 1981, Ap. J., 244, 467.Google Scholar
Toomre, A. 1977, in Evolution of Galaxies and Stellar Populations, ed. Tinsley, B. M. and Larson, R. B., (Yale Observatory: New Haven).Google Scholar
Rees, M. J. and Ostriker, J. P. 1977, M. N. R. A. S., 179, 451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silk, J. 1977, Ap. J., 211, 638.Google Scholar
van der Kruit, P. C. and Freeman, K. C. 1984, Ap. J., 278, 81.Google Scholar
van der Kruit, P. C. and Searle, L. 1982, Astr. Ap., 110, 61.Google Scholar
White, S. D. M. 1976, M. N. R. A. S., 174, 19.Google Scholar
White, S. D. M. and Rees, M. J. 1978, M. N. R. A. S., 183, 341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar