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From ‘Victims’ of the Melk Reform to Apostles of the Counter-Reformation: The Irish Regular Clergy in the Habsburg Dominions
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Extract
In a lengthy and favourable review of Pádraig A. Breathnach’s edition and analysis of the legendary account of the foundation of the Irish monastery at Regensburg, Libellus defundacione ecclesie consecrati Petri, Daniel Binchy remarked of the history of the Schottenklöster that, whatever interest it might have for German medievalists, it ‘is a mere footnote—or perhaps rather a postscript—to the remarkable story of the early Irish missions to Europe’. However, Binchy greatly over-estimated the interest of German-speaking medievalists in the case of that particular Schottenkloster which is central to the present paper, namely that in Vienna. Since the well-documented but overtly apologetic study by Patrick Barry, which appeared in 1927, the Viennese Schottenklster has been studied mainly by members of its own monastic community, and by scholars pursuing the sort of questions with which local and economic historians generally turn to the archives of formerly rich and powerful monastic landlords. The raison d’être, aspirations and fears, triumphs and failures of adherents to a particular monastic tradition are of marginal interest to students of land tenure and administration.
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References
1 Celtica, 14 (1981), pp. 155-64, at 164. Cf. P. A. Breathnach, Die Regensburger Schottenlegende—Libellus de fundacione ecclesie consecrati Petri. Untersuchungen una Textausgabe — Münchener Beiträge zur Mediävistik und Renaissance-Forschung, 17 (Munich, 1977).
2 P. J. Barry, Die Zustände im Wiener Schottenkloster vor der Reform des Jahres 1418 (D.Phil, thesis, Munich, 1926, publ. Aichach, 1927). The value of this study lies above all in the comprehensive survey of the internal sources for the history of the monastery, but lack of familiarity with central issues, e.g. university organization and papal administrative procedures, diminishes the value of its interpretations.
3 Cf. 800 Jahre Schottenabtei, a special issue of Religion, Wissenschaft, Kultur. Vierteljahrsschrift der Wiener Katholischen Akademie, 11 (1960), Folge 1, containing the jubilee lectures delivered in 1958, especially the contributions by H. Hantsch and H. Peichl; C. R. Rapf, Das Schotten-Stift (Wiener Geschichtsbücher, 13, Vienna, Hamburg, 1974); H. Ferenczy, Das Schottenstift und seine Kunstwerke. Mit 58 Farbtafeln und too Schwarzweißibildern von Christoph Merth (Vienna, 1980); W. Berger, Die Wiener Schotten (Vienna, 1962), is an informative guidebook without academic pretensions, and the standard work still remains Ernest Hauswirth, Abriß einer Geschichte der Benedictiner-Abtei Unserer Lieben Frau zu den Schotten in Wien (Vienna, 1858).
4 Cf. Barbara Frank, ‘Subiaco, ein Reformkonvent des späten Mittelalters. Zur Verfassung und Zusammenserzung der Sublacenser Mönchsgemeinschaft in der Zeit von 1362 bis is 1514, QFIAB 52 (1972), pp. 515-656. For a brief summary of the older literature cf. M. Heimbucher, Die Orden und Kongregationen der katholischen Kirche, 1 (Paderborn, Munich, Vienna, 3, 1933), pp. 219 seq.
5 On Coloman, cf. LThK 3 (1959), coll. 7-8; Acta SS Oct. VI (1794), coll. 342-62; A. Riedl, ‘Der Kult des hl. Koloman in Melk und anderswo’, Jahresbericht des Sliftes Melk, 101 (Melk, 1959), pp 3-22. Soon after their foundation, the Irish monks in Vienna were placed in charge of a chapel dedicated to St Coloman, who had meanwhile become a locally venerated patron saint of lower Austria, in Laab im Walde, cf. Rapf, Schotten-Stift, p. 11.
6 For a survey of this material cf. Barry, Wiener Schottenkloster, esp. pp. 22-47; Rapf. Schotten-Stift, pp. 2 5-7, though it should at this early stage be pointed out that Rapf is an ardent proponent of the theory that the Irish monks were an alien, and a spent force in Vienna. However, many of the charters he cites refute the case he is trying to make. For a more impartial view of the problem cf. L Hammermayer, ‘Die irischen Benedikriner-“Schottenklöster” in Deutschland und ihr insdtutioneller Zusammenschluß vom 12. bis 16. Jahrhundert’, StMBO 87 (1976), pp. 249-338, esp. 286-7.
7 Cf. Cal. Pap. Let. 7, p. 452;ASV, Reg. Lat. 261, fol. 31. On resigning [he abbey in Vienna he had been guaranteed an annuity of 80 gold ducats. His successor, the first German abbot of the Viennese Schotten-communiry, Nicholas (III) von Respitz, a monk of the Subiaco observance, successfully petitioned in 1426 to have this burden relieved, on the grounds that his predeces sor was now adequately provided for, whereas his own community had suffered heavy losses as a result of the Hussite invasions.
8 Cf. below, pp. 84-5.
9 In the sense of German-speaking inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, and including the Austrian lands.
10 Cf. Ernest Hauswirth, Urkunden der Benedictiner-Abtei Unserer Lieben Frau zu den Schotten in Wien vom Jahre 1158 bis 1418 - Fontes Rerum Austriacarum, II, Abt. 18 (Vienna, 1859), no. 4; a facsimile of the charter is reproduced in Ferenczy, Schottenstift, p. 25. On the Babenberg rulers, and their interest in the Irish foundation in Vienna cf. K. Lechner, Die Babenberger. Markgrafen und Herzoge von Österreich 976-1246 (Vienna, Cologne, Graz, 1976), ad indicem.
11 Cf. paper by Tomás O’Fiaich in the present volume, for the financial support which some Irish communities, especially Regensburg and Wurzburg, received from ruling circles in Munster. On the Irish community in Kiev cf. the literature cited in Hammermayer, ‘Die irischen Benediktiner’, p. 259, also Władysław Abraham, Powstanie organizacyi koscioła łacinskiego na Rusi, 1 (Lemberg [Lłow], 1004), PP. 64-71.
12 Weiss, B., Die Pfarren des Stiftes Schotten von der Gründung des Stifles bis zur Glaubensspaltung (D.Phil, thesis, Vienna, 1952).Google Scholar
13 Cf. K. Simms, ‘The concordat between Primate John Mey and Henry O’Neill, 1455’, Archivium Hibernicum, 34 (1976-7), pp. 71-82; idem, ‘The King’s friend: O’Neill, the Crown and the earldom of Ulster’ in England and Ireland in the later middle ages. Essays in honour of Jocelyn Otway-Ruthven, ed. J. F. Lydon (Dublin, 1981), pp. 214-36; idem. From Kings to Warlords. The changing political structure of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (Studies in Celtic History, 7, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1987); J. A. Watt, ‘John Colton, Justiciar of Ireland (1382) and Arch bishop of Armagh (1383-1404) in England and Ireland, pp. 196-213; idem, ‘Ecclesia inter Anglicos et inter Hibemicos: confrontation and coexistence in the medieval diocese and province of Armagh’, The English in Medieval Ireland. Proceedings of the first joint meeting of the Royal Irish Academy and the British Academy, Dublin, 1982, ed.]. F. Lydon (Dublin, 1984), pp. 46-64.
14 See above note 10.
15 Hauswirth, Urkunden, no. 11; lists of property from the early years of the monastery have nor survived, but for subsequent additions cfr. K. Janacek, ‘Zur Besitzgeschichte des Wiener Schottenklosters’, Jahrbuch des Vereines für Geschichte der Stadi Wien, 5-6 (1946-7), pp. 24-92.
16 Much of the evidence for this development is contained in the unpublished thesis of B. Weiss, Die Pfarren, and in S. Petrin, Das Urbar des Wiener Schottenklosters über dessen außerstädtischen Besitz vom Jahre 1376 (unpublished: Staatsprüfungsarbeit am Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Vienna, 1962); K. Lechner, ‘Ein unbekanntes Urbar des Wiener Schottenklosters aus dem Jahre 1322’, MIÖC 68 (1960), pp. 402-33.
17 The most reliable lists of the Irish abbots are given in Rapf, Schotten-Stift, p. 107; Ferenczy, Schottenstift, pp. 15,30. As Philip’s successor, Joannes I, does not figure in the records until the late summer of 1269, there is some doubt as to the actual date of Philip’s death.
18 Cod. Dip. et ep. Moraviae, 3, no. LXXXV11, p. 63. On Velehrad, south-east of Brno, which was founded in 1205 from Plasy, cf. L. H. Cottineau, Répertoire topo-bibliographique des abbayes et prieurés, 2 (Macon, 1939), col. 3440; J. Nevĕřil, ‘Beitrag zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser-Niederlassung in Welehrad’, LXI. Jahresbericht des k. k Staatsgymnasiums mit deutscher Unterrichtssprachein Ung. Hradisch für das Schuljahr 1914-1915, pp. 3-32. The most important feature of this contribution is the printing of an historical chronicle of the monastery to 1737, then located in the Cistercian abbey of Osseg (dioc. Prague), which indicates the succession of abbots. These were a mixed group, with some members of the German natio, while the majority in the period under discussion came from Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, and Italy. On the desecration of the monastery and murder of the abbot and remaining monks in 1421 at the hands of Jan Žižka’s troops cf. T. [Pater Tescelin] Halusa, ‘Das Martyrium der Cistercienser-Mönche in Welehrad’, Cistercienser-Chronik, 9 (1897), pp. 13-16.
19 Cf. Cottineau, Répertoire, 1, col. 1448 [Himmelpforte]. The convent is situated a short distance north-west of Brno, and its church has a magnificent Romanesque portal which gave the abbey its popular name, cf.J. E. Wocel, Die Kirche des ehemaligen Cistercienser-Nonnenklosters Porta Coeli zu Tisnovic (Vienna, 1859); T. Halusa, ‘Einige Stunden in Mährisch-Himmel-pforren’, Cistercienser-Chronik, 8 (1896), pp. 200-9, summarizes previous specialized research.
20 Cod. Dip. et ep. Moraviae, 3, no. CCXLII, pp. 226-7, dated 8 January 1257, is the earliest recorded indication of the Irish abbots’ involvement in the Brno disputes. Cf. further B. Bretholz, Geschichte der Stadt Brünn bis 1411 (Brünn, 1911), esp. pp. 170 seq.
21 Ibid., p. 160.
22 On Peter von Aspelt cf.J. Heidemann, Peter von Aspelt ab Kirchenfürst und Staatsmann (Berlin, 1875); A. Hessel.Jahrbücher des Deutschen Reichs unter König Albrech I. von Habsburg (Munich, 1931), esp. pp. 136 seq.; F. Bock, Reichsidee und Nationalstaaten vom Untergang des alten Reiches bis zur Kündigung des deutsch-englischen Bündnisses im Jahre 1341 (Munich, 1943), ad indicem; M. Arens, Die Reichspolitik des Erzbischofs von Mainz, Peter von Aspelt, 1306-1320 (unpublished D.Phil, thesis, Freiburg i. Br., 1949);E. Schubert, ‘Kurfürsten und Wahlkönigtum. Die Wahlen von 1308, 1314 und 1346 und der Kurverein von Rhens’, Balduin von Luxemburg, Erzbischof von Trier—Kurfürst des Reiches 1285-1354. Festschrift aus Anlass des 700. Geburtsjahres, ed. Franz-Josef Heyen et al. (Mainz, 1985), pp. 103-17.
23 For important documents concerning his Bohemian benefices, including the valuable provostship of Vyšehrad which he managed to retain even after becoming bishop, cf. Actenstücke zur Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter den Königen Rudolf 1 und Albrecht 1, ed. F. Kakenbrunner (Mitteilungen aus dem Valicanischen Archive, 1, Vienna, 1889), ad indicem, and esp. p. 493.
24 Cf. Cottineau, Répertoire, 1, coll. 1061 seq.; this foundation is not to be confused with the Irish Benedictine monastery, the Schottenkloster of St James in Erfurt, cf. Hammermayer, ‘Die irischen Benediktiner’, pp. 296.
25 Cod. Dip. elep. Moraviae, 15 (Nachträge, 1207-1408), no. XXXIII, pp. 25-7.
26 Ibid., 3, no. CCLXX, pp. 260-1. For Philip’s seal cf. Rapf, Abriß, p. 133 n. 278.
27 The conflict of interests already became clear in the lifetime of abbot Philip, when he en deavoured to protect the parochial rights of the Schottenkloster in Vienna against the parish of St Stephen. One of the papal judges delegate appointed in 1265 to deal with the issue was the provost of Brno, cf. Hauswirth, Abriß, p. 10 and Cod. Dip. el ep. Moraviae, 3, no. CCLXIX, pp. 259-60.
28 Cf. esp. Ada Pataviensia Austriaca. Vatikanische Aklen zur Geschichle des Bislums Passau und der Herzöge von Öslerreich (1342-1378), 1, Klemens VI (1342-1352), ed. J. Lenzenweger (Publikationen des Öslerreichiscen Kulturinstituts in Rom II/4, 1, Vienna, 1974), passim.
29 Ibid., p. 236.
30 Cod. Dip. etep. Moraviae, 6, no. CLXVIII, pp. 129-30.
31 Ibid., 5, no. CXLI, pp. 146-7 (30 September 1302); cf. A Zelenka and W. Sauer, Die Wappen der Wiener Schottenäbte (Vienna, 1971), p. 3.
32 Cod.Dip. et ep.Moraviae, 9, no.CCCIX, p. 239,12 August 1363, ibid.,7, no. DVII, p. 371, contains a similar authorization from Clement VI for the abbot of the Viennese Schottenklostcr, 9 October 1343.
33 Ibid., 10, no. CCXXXVH, p. 250; ibid.., 12, no. LXXXV, pp. 70f.; ASV, Reg. Lat. 30, fols 178r-179r; Reg. Lat. 89, fol. 100r-v Cal. Pap. Let. 4, p. xxiii.
34
Cod. Dip. et ep. Moraviae, 12, no. DXXIV, pp. 455-64. For an assessment of Markgrave Jodok cf. most recently J. Spĕváček, Václav IV. 1361-1419) k předpoklad
ùm liusitské revoluce (Prague, 1986), ad indicem.
35 Cod. Dip. el ep. Moraviae, 13, no. CCCCLXXXIX, pp. 522-4. On Berthold von Wehingen, and his place in Habsburg ecclesiastical policy cf. A. A Strnad, ‘Kanzler und Kirchenfurst. Streiflichter zu einem Lebensbikle Bertholds von Wehingen’, Jahrbuch des Stifles Klosterneuburg, 12, n.s. 3 (1963), pp. 79-109.
36 For the text cf. A. Lhotsky, Die Wiener Artistenfakultät 1365-1497 (SB der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Klasse, 247/2, Graz, Vienna, Cologne, 1065), pp. 207-22.
37 Cf.Kink, R., Geschichle der kaiserlichen Universitätzu Wien (Vienna, 1854), 2, p. 22 Google Scholar; on Rudolf’s ecclesiastical and intellectual policies cf. A. A. Strnad, ‘Libertas Ecclesiae und fürstliche Bistumspolitik’, Römische Historische Mitteilungen, 6-7 (1964), pp. 72-112.
38 Cf.Kink, , Universität zu Wien, 2, p. 88 Google Scholar; Barry, Wiener Schottenkloster, pp. 25-6; Rapf, Schotten-Stift, pp. 25, 46. On the modification of Duke Rudolf’s original plan for a quartier latin near the Hofburg, cf. Lhotsky, Wiener Artistenfakultät, pp. 62 seq.
39 Barry, Wiener Schottenkloster, p. 25 n. 52, printed the relevant extract from the university statutes for 5 October 1385.
40 Acta Facultatis Artium Universitatis Vindohonensis 1385-1416, ed. P. Uiblein (Publikationen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 6. Reihe 2. Abteilung, Graz, Vienna, Cologne, 1968), p. 195, 1.6. For further evidence of the central importance of the abbots Patricius (1400-1) and Thomas (1403-18), ibid, ad indicem.
41 Hauswirth, Urkunden, no. 166, pp. 190-1.
42 Cf. Die Matrikel der Universität Wien, 1 Band, 1377-1450 (Publikalionen des Institua für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 6. Reihe, 1. Abteilung, Graz, Cologne, 1956), passim. Nor was the new reform community after 1418 more prominent in Viennese theological circles. In the period up to 1508 they never provided a dean of the faculty of theology, and references to the abbey in the Acta of that faculty are restricted to the annual nomination of the statutory preacher for 8 September, cf. Die Akten der Theologischen Fakuhät der Universität Wien (1396-1508), ed. P. Uiblein (Vienna, 1978), ad indicem, and pp. xxv-xxxi for the list of deans.
43 i.e. ‘landständisch’. This involvement in worldly affairs, especially in the case of abbot Clement (1349-72), was mentioned frequently in the criticism expressed by the later German community, without apparently noting the incongruity. Cf. C. Rapf, ‘Die Abtbischöfe des Wiener Schottenstiftes im 17. Jahrhundert’, Festschrift Franz Loidl zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. V. Flieder (Vienna, 1970), 1, pp. 255-300.
44 Cf. H. Peichl, ‘Die Beziehungen des Schottenstiftes zur Wiener Universität seit deren Gründung’, 800 Jahre Schottenabtei, pp. 63 seq.
45 Ibid.; Barry, Wiener Schottenkloster, p. 24, confused Donald’s office of rector with that of dean of the arts faculty. The full text of the statutes of the Faculty of Arts in Vienna from 1 April 1389 is printed in Lhotsky, Wiener Artistenfakultät, pp. 223-62.
46 Cf. A. Madre, Nikolaus von Dinkelsbühl, Leben und Schriften. Ein Beitrag zur theologischen Literaturgeschichte (Beiträge, x¼. Münster, 1965); Die Akten der Theologischen Fakultät, ad indicem.
47 Hauswirth, Urkunden, no. 437, p. 540; Idem, Abriß, p. 25.
48 Kink, Universität zu Wien, 1, pp. 138, 152.
49 Dietrich von Niem’s Anglo-Irish contact, John Swayne, acted in a similar vein, cf. K. Walsh, ‘The Roman Career of John Swayne, Archbishop of Armagh 1418-1439: plans for an Irish hospice in Rome’, Seanchas Ardmhacha, 11 (1983-4), pp. 1-21.
50 ASV, Reg. Lat. 181, fol. 93r-94r; Cal. Pap. Reg. 6, p. 487. On Weih-St. Peter cf. G. A. Renz, ‘Beiträge zur Geschichte der Schottenabtei St. Jakob und des Priorats Weih-St. Peter in Regensburg’, StMBO 16-8 (1895-97). For his presence at the Council of Constance and at the Benedictine chapter at Petershausen, cf. Barry, Wiener Schottenkloster, p. 38. For an earlier grant of Weih-St. Peter to an Irish monk from Vienna, cf. n. 60.
51 Walsh, ‘Swayne’, esp. pp. 14 seq.
52 The offending entry ‘Nycolaus Prunczlein’ (under 14 April 1385) is to be found on p. 18 of the printed edition. Die Matrikel… Wien.
53 Cf.Pruckner, H., Studien zu den astrologischen Schriften des Heinrich von Langenstein (Studien der Bibliothek Warburg, 14, Berlin, 1933)Google Scholar; Lang, J., Die Christologie bei Heinrich von Langenstein. Eine dogmenhistorische Unlersuchung (Freiburger Theologische Studien, 85, (Freiburg, Basel, Vienna, 1966)Google Scholar; T. Hohmann, Heinrichs von Langenstein ‘Unterscheidung der Geister’ lateinisch und deutsch. Texte und Untersuchungen zu Ütsetzungsliteralur aus der Wiener Schule (Münchener Texte und Untersuchungen zur deulschen Literatur des Mittelalters), 63 (Zurich, Munich, 1977); A. Lang, Heinrich Totting von Oyta. Ein Beitrag zur Entstehungsgeschichte der ersten deutschen Universitäen und zur Problemgeschichte der Spätscholastik [Beiträge, 33, Munster, 1937).
54 Cf.Koller, G., Princeps in Ecclesia. Untersuchungen zur Kirchenpolitik Herzog Albrechts V. von Österreich (AÖG 124, Vienna, 1964), esp. pp. 62 ff.Google Scholar
55 Ibid., pp. 78 seq.; Madre, Nikolaus von Dinkelsbuhl, esp. pp. 99-125 on the significance of the Lectura Mellicensis. For the reform cf. J. Zeller, ‘Das Provinzialkapitel im Stifte Petershausen im Jahre 1417, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Reformen im Benedikrinerorden zur Zeit des Konstanzer Konzils’, StMBO n.s. 10 (1922), pp. 1 seq. Nicholas presented a copy of his Questiones in libros sententiarum, written in his own hand, to the German post-1418 community at the Schottenkloster, now Cod. 274, cf. Catalogus Codicum manu scriptorum qui in bibliotheca Monasterii B.M.V. ad Scotos Vindobonae servantur…, ed. P. Albertus Hübl (Vindobonae et Lipsiae, 1899), p. 303.
56 Printed in Schramb, Anselm, Chronicon Mellicense (Vienna, 1702), pp. 308 Google Scholar ff. Cf. Koller, Princeps, pp. 63 ff.; Hammermayer, ‘Die irischen Benedikriner’, p. 287.
57 Cf. Hohmann, Langenslein, pp. 44; L. L. Hammerich, ‘Eine Pilgerfahrt des XIV. Jahrhunderts nach dem Fegfeuer des H. Patrizius’, Zeitsthrift fur deutsche Philologie, 53 (1928), pp. 25-40; idem, ed. Visiones Georgii, Visiones quas in purgatorio sancti Patricii vidit Georgius miles de Ungeria A.D. MCCCLIII (Del Kgl. Danske Videnskabemes Selskab. Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser, 18/2, Copenhagen, 1930). No copy of the Visiones has survived with a known provenance from die Viennese Schottenkloster, but there was a text of the visions of purgatory experienced by the Irish knight Tun(g)dale, in a 13th-century codex, cf. Hübl, Calalogus, Cod. 189, pp. 203 seq. Cf P. Dinzeibacher, Vision und Visionstiteratur im Mittetalter (Monographien zur Gescliichte des Mittelalters, 23, Stuttgart, 1981), ad incidem.
58 Cf. Hübl, Catalogus, passim—with excellent indices. It has also been suggested that the Irish monks took archival records with them in 1418, cf. W. Latzke, ‘Das Archiv der Benedik-tinerabtei Unserer Lieben Frau zu den Schotten in Wien’, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Slaatsarchivs, 28 (1975), pp. 291-318, at p. 297.
59 Cf. K. Binder, Die Lehre des Nikolaus von Dinkelsbühl über die unbefleckte Empfängnis im Licht der Konlroverse (Wiener Beiträge zur Theologie, 31, Vienna, 1970).
60 ASV, Reg. Lat 38, fol. 115r Cal. Pap. Let. 4, p. 522. On Berthold of Wehingen supra n. 35.
61 … alterius coloris et forme regularis habitus, ASV, Reg. Lat 44, fol. 273r-274r; Cal. Pap. Let. 5, p. 23. Apart from other considerations, the appointment of a member of the Gaelic Irish natio was clearly at variance with a ruling of the English king Richard II. Cf. A. Gwynn and R. N. Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses, Ireland (London, 1970), p. 128.
62 Frater Johannes O’Kelly (Okvallii), monk of the Viennese Schottenkloster, was matriculated in the Nacio Saxorum on 14 April 1398, together with the future abbot Thomas Ocosstraid (sic), Donaldus Ograda Ybernicus, and one Donatus Maclancada, for whom neither a nationality nor a monastic affiliation is mentioned, cf. Die Matrikel… Wien, p. 52.
63 ASV, Reg. Lat. 54, fol. 146r Cal. Pap. Let. 5, pp. 184-5. His links with the Schottenkloster are indicated by the fact that the executory mandates customary in such cases were sent to the abbot in Vienna and to the archdeacon of Killaloe.
64 ASV, Reg. Vat. 316, fol. 234v Reg. Lat. 54, fol. 218r Reg. Ut. 68, fol. 64v-65r; Cal. Pap. Let. 4, p. 408; v, pp. 186, 213.
65 ASV, Reg. Lat. 285, fol. 304v-305v; Cal. Pap. Let. 8, p. 81. It is not clear whether he is identical with the Donald us O’Grada, who matriculated in Vienna thirty years earlier. The clan also contained one Donnchadh O’Grada, who was lector in the Franciscan house at Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, in 1371. Cf.J. A. Watt, ‘Gaelic polity and cultural identity’, A New History of Ireland, 2, Medieval Ireland 1169-1534, ed. A. Cosgrove (Oxford, 1987), p. 337.
66 Cited in Barry, Wiener Schottenkloster, p. 54.
67 For a useful recent summary of this, partly based on unpublished research by Kenneth Nicholls, cf. Watt, ‘Gaelic Polity’, pp. 335 seq.; A Cosgrove, ‘Marriage in medieval Ireland’, Marriage in Ireland, ed. A Cosgrove (Dublin, 1985), pp. 25-50.
68 Cf.Schimmelpfennig, B., ‘Zölibat und Lage der “Priestersöhne” vom 11. bis 14. Jahrhundert’, HZ 227 (1978), pp. 1–44.Google Scholar
69 Watt, ‘Gaelic Polity’, pp. 336-9, and the most reliable version of the episcopal lists in HBC3 for the dioceses inter Hibemicos.
70 ASV, Reg. Suppl. 19, fol. 116r Reg. Vat. 198, fol. 84r. The former is printed in Acta Palaviensia Austriaca, p. 616, under the name ‘Okernil’.
71 See above n. 17. The frequent references in capitular legislation and registers of the mendicant orders to the need to lower standards for ordination, in order to attract new recruits after the Black Death, supports O’Carroll’s claim.
72 For a theoretical discussion of this concept cf. Koller, Princeps, pp. 58.
73 Zelenka and Sauer, Die Wappen, pp. 3, 10 seq.
74 Corrineau, Répertoire, 2, cols 2151, 2569 seq.
75 This emerges from the consistent occurrence of German names of the abbess of Oslowan in Cod. Dip. et ep. Moraviae for the 13th and 14th century, passim. Oslowan also held extensive property in Brno and the ius patronatos of the parish church of St James in the city. The latter involved the nuns in a constant struggle between the provost of SS Peter and Paul (who also claimed this ius patronatus) and the papacy, ibid, and Bretholz, Geschichle der Stadi Brünn, pp. 161 ff.
76 The names of the provosts cited in Cod. Dip. et ep. Moraviae, and the list of families represented in the chapter at Brno in the 14th century, cited in Bretholz, Geschichte der Stadt Brünn, p. 160, suggest that here the German element dominated.
77 F. Heer, Die Dritte Kraft. Der europäische Humanismus zwischen des Fronten des konfessionellen Zeitalters (Frankfurt arn Main, 1960), favours this term.
78 Louvain Papers 1606–1827, ed.B. Jennings. Prepared for publication and indexed by C. Giblin (Irish Manuscripts Commission, Dublin, 1968), no. 153, pp. 112 seq. et ad indicem. The archives of the convent are now lodged in the University Library, Prague.
79 E. Winter, Tausend Jahre Geisteskampf im Sudetenraum. Das religiöse Ringen zweier Völker (Salzburg, Leipzig, 1938), pp. 243 seq.; idem, Frühaufklärung. Der Kampfgegen den Konfessionalismus in Mittel- und Osteuropa und die deutsch-slawische Begegnung (Beiträge zur Geschichte des religiösen und wissenschaftlichen Denkens, 6, Berlin DDR, 1966), pp. 165, with extensive references to Czech sources and literature. A more popular summary of the same material is to be found in idem, Barock, Absolulismus und Aufklärung in der Donaumonarchie (Vienna, 1971), p. 45.