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The latin Polemic of the Marian Exiles
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 February 2016
Extract
In a recent number of the English Historical Review Dr Jennifer Loach argued for a more positive view of the relationship between the government of Mary Tudor and the printing-press. Against a historical tradition which has been persistently critical of the regime’s failure to understand the importance of printing, Dr Loach has argued that Mary’s government in fact had a very real understanding of the value of printed propaganda, and took positive measures to promote abroad a favourable view of the restoration of Catholic worship in England. The key events of the reign, the Queen’s accession and marriage and the ending of the schism, were all marked by the publication abroad of pamphlets in Latin or foreign vernacular languages promoting the government’s viewpoint. The speed with which such accounts appeared suggest an official version of events, usually in Latin, was sometimes deliberately circulated to sympathetic printers to ensure wide publicity.
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- Part II. The Church in England
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References
1 Loach, J., ‘The Marian Establishment and the printing press’, EHR, loi (1986), pp. 135–48Google Scholar. Martin, J. W., ‘The Marian regime’s failure to understand the importance of printing’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 44 (1980-1), pp. 231–47Google Scholar. I wish to thank Dr Jane Dawson for her help and valuable suggestions which went towards the writing of this paper, and Geoffrey Hargreaves, Bruce Gordon, Scott Dixon, and Robert Peberdy for their help with bibliographical references.
2 Loach, , ‘Marian Establishment’, pp. 143–7Google Scholar.
3 Baskerville, E. A Chronological Bibliography of Propaganda and Polemic Published in English between 1553 and 1558 = Publication of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia, 1079); ‘Some lost works of propaganda from the Marian period’, The Library, ser. 6, 8 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 47–52Google Scholar.
4 Grindal taught himself German, but he seems to have been unusual in this. Collinson, P., Arch bishop Grindal (London, 1979), p. 69Google Scholar. See the letter from Aylmer to Foxe, quoted in Mozley, J. F., John Foxe and his Book (London, 1940), p. 57Google Scholar.
5 No 1. Modern edition and translation, Historical Narration of certain euents which took place in the Kingdom of Great Britain… Written by P. V. (London, 1865).
6 Not least in giving currency to the rumour that Northumberland had brought about the King’s death by poisoning him. There were also two vernacular German editions of this tract: Warhafftige beschreibung deren ding, die sich in dent loblichen konigreich Engelland, im hew monat dies gegenwertigen 15 $3. Jars, zugetragen haben; Von kleglichem unzeitigen Tod Edwardi des sechsten, konigs zu Engelland etc. Warhafftiger grundlicher Bericht… (Leipzig, 1554). Copies of both in the British Library.
7 Appendix 1, no. 3, English edition True report of the disputation … [STC 19890]. The revised STC suggests Emden, Mierdman and Gailliart? as printer, but on typographical grounds this seems improbable. Reprinted in Foxe (London, 1858), 6, pp. 395–411 and Examinations and Writings of John Philpot, PS (1842), pp. 173–214 (with Poullain’s preface).
8 ‘Purgano … adversus infames rumores a quibusdam sparsos de missa restitua’ in Strype, J., Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer (Oxford, 1854), 3, pp. 453–9Google Scholar. Ridley, Jasper, Thomas Cranmer (Oxford, 1962), pp. 351–3Google Scholar.
9 Appendix 1, nos 4 and 9. ‘Subscripsit etiam Angli ob Evangelium profugi tonus Ecclesiac sua nomine’ (with five names): Liturgia Sacra (Frankfurt, 1554), fol. (7. Modern edition Valerandus Pollanus, Liturgia Sacra, ed. A. C. Honders (Leiden, 1970).
10 Appendix 1, nos 10, 18, and 19. On Lasco see Hall, Basil, John a Lasco. A Pole in Reformation England – Friends of Dr Williams’s Library, 25th Lecture (London, 1971)Google Scholar.
11 Appendix 1, no. 46. Anderson, Marvin, Peter Martyr. AReformer in Exile (Nieuwkoop, 1975), ‘Rhetoric and Reality: Peter Martyr and the English Reformation’, Sixteenth Century Journal 19 (1988), pp. 451–69Google Scholar. Gardiner’s Confutio Cavillationem was published in Paris in 1552 and reprinted in 1554 at Louvain: see Shaaber, M. A., Checklist of Works of British Authors Printed Abroad in Languages other than English (New York, 1975), p. 76Google Scholar.
12 Original Letters relative to the English Reformation, PS (1846), 1, pp. 29–30. Anderson, ‘Rhetoric and Reality’, pp. 464–7.
13 Appendix i. nos 37 and 47. Anderson, Reformer in Exile, pp. 328–55, 497–507. See also nos 27 and 28, both new editions of works first published during Edward’s reign.
14 Appendix 1, nos 7 (including the Commentary on Judges) and 26 (DeRegno Christi). On the Judges Commentary and its influence on the development on Protestant political thought see Hans Baron, ‘Calvinist Republicanism and its political roots’, Church History, 8 (1939), p. 37. On De Regno Christi, see Hopf, C., Martin Bucer and the English Reformation (Oxford, 1946), pp. 99–126Google Scholar. Bucer’s Lectures on Ephesians at Cambridge were also later published, edited by Tremellius. Praelectiones Doctiss. in Epistolam ad Ephesios (Pernam, Basle, 1562).
15 Hudson, Winthrop S., Jonh Ponet, 1516–1556. Advocate of Limited Monarchy (Chicago, 1942Google Scholar). Garrett, C., The Marian Exiles (Cambridge, 1938), pp. 253–8Google Scholar is useful, though speculative and unsympathetic. See also Baskerville, E.J., ‘John Ponet in Exile: a Ponet Letter to John Bale’, JEH, 37 (1986), pp. 442–7Google Scholar.
16 Appendix 1, no. 29. Hudson, Ponet, pp. 79–81. Further editions published 1573, 1576, and 1688. On the Short Treatise see Hudson, , Ponet, pp. 109–216Google Scholar.
17 Appendix 1, no 45. Bailey, D. S., Thomas Becon and the Reformation of the Church in England (Edinburgh, 1952), pp. 77–91Google Scholar. For Becon’s other Latin works see ibid., p. 145 and appendix nos 30 and 38.
18 Fairfield, L. P., John Bale, Mythmakerfor the English Reformation (Purdue, 1976)Google Scholar.
19 Mozley, , Foxe and his Book, pp. 37–61Google Scholar. Haller, William, Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’ and the Elect Nation (London, 1963), pp. 48–81Google Scholar.
20 Fairfield, Bale, pp. 96Œ See also Firth, Katharine, The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain, 1530–1645 (Oxford, 1979), chs 2–3Google Scholar.
21 Appendix 1, nos 33, 40 (Bale), and 11 (Barnes). Fairfield, Bale, pp. 103–5. Dickens, A G and Tonkin, John, The Reformation in Historical Thought (Oxford, 1985), pp. 63–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
22 Appendix 1, no 5. The Commentarii seems not to have sold well, since ten years later Rihel reissued copies with a new title page and dedication. [Chronicon Ecclesiae (1564). Copies Munich SB, Kiel UB.]
23 Appendix 1, nos 17 and 22. On Christus Triumphans see Smith, J. H., Two Latin Comedies by John Foxe the Martyrologist (Ithica, 1973Google Scholar). See also Bauckham, R., Tudor Apocalypse (Sutton Courtenay, n.d.), pp. 75–83Google Scholar. Foxe’s address to the nobility was reprinted in the martyrology of 1559 (below n. 25) and in subsequent editions of the Acts and Monuments. Mozley, Foxe and his Book, pp. 54–5.
24 Letter of June 1557. Remains of Archbishop Grindal, PS (1843), pp. 226–7- See Mozley, Foxe and his Book, pp. 120–3.
25 Appendix 1, no 39. Mozley, foxe and his Book, pp. 122–8. ‘Disputano Synodalis Londini’, Rerum, pp. 215–29; ‘Ad Praepotentes Angliae proceres’, pp. 239ff. See also n. 28 below.
26 Appendix I, no 13. Grindal to Ridley, 6 May 1555. Works of Bishop Ridly, PS (1843), p. 388.
27 Appendix 1, no 2$ (Philpot). See Strype, Cranmer, 3, p. 174. Apparendy published separately, Foxe also included this translation in his martyrology: Rerum (1559), pp. 543–631. On his Cranmer translation see n. 29 below.
28 Later Writings of Bishop Hooper, PS (1852), pp. 381–548. Hooper to Bullinger, 11 Dec. 1554. Original Letters, pp. 105–6. Grindal to Foxe, August 1556. Grindal, Remains, p. 223. ‘De sacratissimae coenae Domini’, included in Rerum (1559), pp. 309–403, but omitted in subsequent English editions of the Acts and Monuments. The dedicatory epistle to the second tract, ‘De vera racione inveniendae’ is reprinted by Strype, Memorials, III, 2, pp. 267–73. See ibid., III, 1, pp. 283–4.
29 Grindal to Foxe, May 1556, Jan. and June 1557. Grindal, Remains, pp. 220–2, 234–5.
30 Of the Latin literature only this work and the Aetiologia of Robert Watson (App. 1, nos 14 and 15) were published in Emden. Watson, Cranmer’s former steward, had escaped from prison in England only after making a highly equivocal declaration on the Mass. This tract is intended to defend his conduct. The fact that, in contrast, such a high proportion of the vernacular tracts were printed in north Germany (at Emden, Wesel, and Strasburg) must reflect the different markets at which the two classes of literature were aimed.
31 Appendix 1, nos 20 and 21; reprinted in Writings and Disputations of Cranmer, PS (1844), appendix, pp. 1–99. Modern edition, including supplementary materials from Emden edition but omitting preface, Remains of Archbishop Cranmer, ed. H. Jenkyns, 4 vols (Oxford, 1833), 2, pp. 275–463.
32 Cranmer, Writings, appendix, p. 9.
33 Appendix i, no. so. See Strype, , Annals (1824), I, i, pp. 155–61Google Scholar.
34 Appendix 1, nos 42 (Bale) and 49 (Humphrey). Other copies of the Scriptorum listed under no. 32 may also contain the new preface. On Humphrey’s tract see Strype, Annals, I, i, pp. 161–2.
35 Grindal, Remains, p. 223. See n. 28 above.
36 Most famously in Frankfurt, but the English communities in Basle and Emden were also troubled by internal dissensions. A brief discours off the troubles begonne at Franckfort 1554–1558 A.D., ed. E. Arber (London, 1908).
37 See Appendix I. Folio editions are inevitably represented by the greatest number of surviving copies, but many of the smaller books are also preserved in considerable numbers.
38 See, for instance, pieces preserved in the Calvin correspondence. Joannis Calvini Opera, ed. G. Baum etal., 14–17, CR, 42–5: e.g. nos 1761, 1768, 1778, 1856, 1940, 1953, 1992, etc.
39 Response a la confession du feu Jean de Northumbelande, n’agueres decapitéen Angleterre ([Geneva], 1554). Index Aureliensis, 4, p. 163. Loach, ‘Marian Establishment’, p. 144.
40 Heinrich Lutz, ‘Cardinal Reginald Pole and the path to Anglo-Papal Mediation at the Peace Conference of Marcq, 1553–55’ in Kouri, E. I. and Scott, Tom, eds, Politics and Society in Early Modem Europe (London, 1987), pp. 329–52Google Scholar; Fenlon, Dermot, Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 258–69Google Scholar. The polemical campaign waged against Pole by the Italian humanist Pier Paulo Vergerio also forms part of this context In 1555 he published at Strasburg a new edition of Pole’s Pro ecclesiasticae unitale, intending to discredit the religious talks in Germany. See also Epistolae duae (app. 1, no. 12), a short but vituperative polemical work denouncing Pole and contrasting his former policy of moderation with his treatment of the English Protestants.
41 Bullinger, In apocalypsim Jesu Christi…Canciones centum, fol.a2: ‘Ad omnes per Germaniam et Helvetiam, Galliae, Angliae, Italiae aliorumque regnorum vel narionum Christi nomine exules…’.
42 Bale’s Acta Romanorum pontificum (app. 1, no. 33) dedicated to the Reformers. Foxe dedicated his Commentarii (app. 1, no. 5) to the Duke of Wiirttemberg and his Locorum Communium (app. 1, no. 23) to the students of the university of Basle. Becon’s Coenaesacrosanctae domini was dedicated to William, son of Philip of Hesse: Mozley, Foxcand his Book, pp. 42, 53; Firth, Apocalyptic Tradition, pp. 79–80; Bailey, Becon, p. 90. For the exiles’ correspondence with the Reformers following their return see Zurich Letters, PS (1842).