Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-23T07:02:07.279Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Loneliness of Homosexual Male Students: Parental Bonding Attitude as a Moderating Factor

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2013

I-Chieh Chen*
Affiliation:
National Chengchi University (Taiwan)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to I-Chieh Chen. Department of Education (Education Psychology and Counseling). National Chengchi University. 4F, No. 20. Lane 22. WenZhou Street. 10648. Taipei City (Taiwan). Phone: +886-23627262. E-mail: denyeverythingx@yahoo.com.tw

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationships of homosexual male students at the senior high school level and their loneliness using parental bonding attitude as a moderating factor. An amount of 127 homosexual male senior high school students in Taiwan is studied. The Pearson correlation analysis and the hierarchical regression analysis are adapted to examine two proposed hypotheses. Based on the results, homosexual male senior high school students in both hyper-masculine and feminine gender roles are found to feel loneliness, but levels of loneliness of those who possess hyper-masculine gender role are relatively lower than those in a feminine role. In addition, the levels of loneliness of homosexual male senior high school students could be negatively affected by parental bonding attitudes (Care). Recommendations and suggestions for parents as well as teachers of homosexual senior high school male students and future studies are underscored at the end of this article.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alfieri, T., Ruble, D. N., & Higgins, E. T. (1996). Gender stereotypes during adolescence: Developmental changes and the transition to junior high school. Developmental Psychology, 32, 11291137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.1129 Google Scholar
Bai, H. L. (2009). Special education center. Taichung, Taiwan: Social education center. Retrieved from: http://ms3.ntcu.edu.tw/spc/aspc/cindex.htm Google Scholar
Baldwin, A., Kalhoun, J., & Breese, F. (1945). Patterns of parent behavior. Psychological Monographs, 58(3), 2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0093566 Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 5695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004 Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1980). New directions in socialization research. American Psychologist, 35, 639652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.7.639 Google Scholar
Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem sex-role inventory: Sampler set. Manual, test booklet (short and original). Scoring key (short and original). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Bennet, A., & Stirling, J. (1998). Vulnerability factors in the anxiety disorders. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 311321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1998.tb00994.x Google Scholar
Blatt, S. J., & Homann, E. (1992). Parent-child interaction in the etiology of depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 4791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(92)90091-L CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. London, UK: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Oxford, UK: Aldine.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, J. (1961). Socialization and social class through time and space. Readings in social psychology. New York, NY: Holt.Google Scholar
Canetti, L., Bachar, E., Galili-Weisstub, E, De-Nour, A. K., & Shale, A. Y. (1997). Parental bonding and mental health in adolescence. Adolescence, 32, 381394.Google Scholar
Chadwick, P. M., Liao, L. M., & Boyle, M. E. (2005). Size matters: Experiences of atypical genital and sexual development in males. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 529543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105305053420 Google Scholar
Chambers, J. A., Power, K. G., Loucks, N., & Swanson, V. (2000). Psychometric properties of the parental bonding instrument and its association with psychological distress in a group of incarcerated young offenders in Scotland. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 35, 318325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050245 Google Scholar
Chen, I. C. (2011). Examining the relationship of parental bonding attitude and loneliness: Mediating effect of psychological separation- individuation. In Hutchison, C. (Ed.), Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management Annual Conference Proceeding (pp. 176191). Orlando, Fl.Google Scholar
Chen, I. S., & Chen, J. K. (2010). Job burnout among gays and therapy based on the intimate behavior of love: A multi-discipline review. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Chen, I. S., & Chen, J. K. (2012). Creativity strategy selection for the higher education system. Quality & Quantity, 46, 739750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-010-9411-z Google Scholar
Chung, Y. B., & Harmon, L. W. (1994). The career interests and aspirations of gay men: How sex-role orientation is elated. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 223239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1033 Google Scholar
Coleman, E. (1987). Chemical dependency and intimacy dysfunction. New York, NY: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
de Man, A. F., Labreche-Gauthier, L., & Leduc, C. P. (1993). Parent-child relationships and suicidal ideation in French-Canadian adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154, 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1993.9914717 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of The Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 127134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3 Google Scholar
DiTommaso, E., Brannen, C., & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 99119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258450 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Parental bonding and adult psychopathology: Results from the US National comorbidity survey. Psychological Medicine, 32, 9971008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702005937 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etringer, B. D., Hillerbrand, E., & Hetherington, D. (1990). The influence of sexual orientation on career decision-making: A research note. Journal of Homosexuality, 19, 103111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v19n04_07 Google Scholar
Fisher, P. A., Fagot, B. I., & Leve, C. S. (1998). Assessment of family stress across low-, medium-, and high-risk samples using the family events checklist. Family Relations, 47, 215219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/584969 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, K. K., Euton, S. J., Jones, J. N., & Schmidt, N. B. (2005). Gender role, sexual orientation and suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87, 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.02.020 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fordham, K, Hinde, S., & Shyness, J. (1999). Shyness, friendship quality, and adjustment during middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 757768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00491 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghindia, D. J., & Kola, L. A. (1996). Co-factors affecting substance abuse among homosexual men: An investigation within a Midwestern gay community. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 41, 167177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(96)01248-3 Google Scholar
Gonsiorek, J. C., & Weinrich, J. D. (1991). Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hershberger, S. L., & D’Augelli, A. R. (1995). The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Developmental psychology, 31, 6574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.65 Google Scholar
Hetherington, C. (1991). Life planning and career counseling with gay and lesbian students. In Wall, N. J. (Ed.), Beyond tolerance: Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals on campus (pp. 131146). Alexandra, VA: American College Personal Association.Google Scholar
Hirshfeld, D. R., Biederman, J., Brody, L., Faraone, S. V., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1997). Associations between expressed emotion and child behavioral inhibition and psychopathology: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 205213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199702000-00011 Google Scholar
Hojat, M., & Vogel, W. H. (1989). Socioemotional bounding and neurobiochemistry. In Mohammadreza, H. & Rick, C. (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, research, and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Holt, C. L., & Ellis, J. B. (1998). Assessing the current validity of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Sex Roles, 39, 929941.Google Scholar
Hughes, H. (1997). Holidays and homosexual identity. Tourism Management, 18, 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00093-3 Google Scholar
Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & LeMare, L. (1990). A longitudinal study of sociometric status in middle and late childhood. Child Development, 61, 20042121.Google Scholar
Janssen, O. (2005). The joint impact of perceived influence and supervisor supportiveness on employee innovative behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 573579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317905X25823 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, W. H., Hansson, R. O., & Cutrona, C. E. (1984). Helping the lonely: Issues of intervention with young and older adults. In Duck, S. (Ed.), Personal relationships V: Repairing personal relationships (pp. 1231). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2000). Parenting and adult mood, anxiety and substance use disorders in female twins: An epidemiological, multi-informant study, retrospective study. Psychological Medicine, 30, 281294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799001889 Google Scholar
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.Google Scholar
Kirova-Petrova, A. (2000). Researching young children’s lived experiences of loneliness: Pedagogical implications for linguistically diverse students. Alberta Journal of Research in Education, 46, 99116.Google Scholar
Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1997). Prevalence and health implications of anti-gay discrimination: A study of black and white women and men in the CARDIA cohort. Coronary artery risk development in young adults. International Journal of Health Services, 27, 157176.Google Scholar
Larson, R. W. (1999). The use of loneliness in adolescence. In Rotenberg, K. & Hymel, S. (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 244262). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lippa, R. A. (2003). Are 2D:4D finger length ratios related to sexual orientation? Yes for men, no for women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 179188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.179 Google Scholar
Lung, F. Y., & Shu, B. C. (2007). Father-son attachment and sexual partner orientation in Taiwan. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.08.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, Y. W., & Chen, Y. C. (2010). Undergraduate Loneliness Inventory. Taoyuan, Taiwan: National Defense University Web Site. Retrieved from http://www.fhk.ndu.edu.tw/editor_model/u_editor_v1.asp?id={971A029E-2661-4F98-A6B8-FF65B2C0AB0F} Google Scholar
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In Mussen, P. H. & Hetherington, E. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 1101), New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
McFadden, D., & Schubel, E. (2002). Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females. Hormones and Behavior, 42, 492500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833 Google Scholar
McFadden, D., & Champlin, C. A. (2000). Comparison of auditory evoked potentials in heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual males and females. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 1, 8999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101620010008 Google Scholar
McWhirter, B. T. (1997). Loneliness, learned resourcefulness, and self-esteem in college students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 460469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1997.tb02362.x Google Scholar
McWhirter, B. T., McWhirter, T. M., Besett-Alesch, J. H., & Gat, I. (2002). Loneliness in high risk adolescents: The role of coping, self-esteem, and empathy. Journal of Youth Studies, 5, 6984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676260120111779 Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137286 Google Scholar
Mills, T. C., Paul, J., Stall, R., Pollack, L., Canchola, J., Chang, Y. J. ... Catania, J. A. (2004). Distress and depression in men who have sex with men: The Urban Men’s Health Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 278285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.278 Google Scholar
Olmstead, R. E., O’Malley, P. M., & Bentler, P. M. (1991). Longitudinal assessment of the relationship between self-esteem, fatalism, loneliness, and substance use. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 749770.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1979). Parental characteristics relation to depressive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 138147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.134.2.138 Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1983). Parental ‘affectionless control’ as an antecedent to adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 956960.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x Google Scholar
Patrice, G. (1977). Factor analysis of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 299302.Google Scholar
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In Peplau, L. A. & Perlman, P. (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 120). New York, NY: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In Gilmour, R. & Duck, S. (Eds.), Personal relationship: Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 3156). London, UK: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., & La Greca, A. M. (2004). Childhood peer rejection and aggression as predictors of adolescent girls’ externalizing and health risk behaviors: A six year longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 103112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, Q. (2005). The neurodevelopment of human sexual orientation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 10571066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.002 Google Scholar
Rekers, G. A. (1992). Development of problems of puberty and sex roles in adolescence. In Walker, C. E. & Roberts, M. C. (Eds.), Handbook of clinical child psychology (pp. 607622). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Riskind, J. H., Williams, N. L., Altman, A., Black, D. O., Balaban, M. S., & Gessner, T. L. (2004). Developmental antecedents of the looming maladaptive style: Parental bonding and parental attachment insecurity. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 18, 4352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.18.1.43.28050 Google Scholar
Robinson, S. J., & Manning, J. T. (2000). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 333345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00052-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rokach, A., & Neto, F. (2002). Loneliness of the aged: A cross-cultural comparison. Psychology & Education, 39, 1828.Google Scholar
Rokach, A. (1990). Surviving and coping with loneliness. Journal of Psychology, 124, 3954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1990.10543204 Google Scholar
Rokach, A., & Brock, H. (1997). Loneliness and the effects of life change. Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary & Applied, 131, 284298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223989709603515 Google Scholar
Rubenstein, C. M., & Shaver, P. (1982). In search of intimacy. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.Google Scholar
Rubenstein, C. M., Shaver, P., & Peplau, L. A. (1979). Loneliness. Human Nature, 2, 5965.Google Scholar
Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K. (1984). Social and emotional loneliness: An examination of Weiss’s typology of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 13131321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1313 Google Scholar
Russell, D., Peplau, L., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11 Google Scholar
Saunders, J. M., & Valente, S. M. (1987). Suicide risk among gay men and lesbians: A review. Death Studies, 11, 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481188708252171 Google Scholar
Schilit, R., Lie, G., & Montagne, M. (1990). Substance abuse as a correlate of violence in intimate lesbian relationships. Journal of Homosexuality, 19, 5166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v19n03_03 Google Scholar
Sigelman, C. K., Miller, T. E., & Whitworth, L. A. (1986). The early development of stigmatizing reactions to physical differences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 7, 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(86)90016-X Google Scholar
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Vincenzi, H., & Grabosky, F. (1987). Measuring the emotional/social aspects of loneliness and isolation. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 257270.Google Scholar
Williams, W. C. (1958). The PALS tests: A technique for children to evaluate both parents. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, 487495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0046781 Google Scholar
Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T. (1986). Loneliness, social skills and social perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 121130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286121012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, K. J., & Bradley, S. J. (1995). Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents. New York, NY: Guildford Press.Google Scholar