Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T09:44:51.371Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dispositional Optimism is Unidimensional or Bidimensional? the Portuguese Revised Life Orientation Test

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Jose Luis Pais Ribeiro ,
Luisa Pedro  and
Susana Marques
Jose Luis Pais Ribeiro*
Affiliation:
Universidade do Porto (Portugal)
Luisa Pedro
Affiliation:
Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa (Portugal)
Susana Marques
Affiliation:
Universidade do Porto (Portugal)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jose Luis Pais Ribeiro. Universidade do Porto. Rua do Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-392 Porto (Portugal). E-mail: jlpr@fpce.up.pt
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of the study is to adapt and then discuss the appropriateness of the Life Orientation Test as a one or two dimension scale. The research includes two studies; one is composed of a sequential sample of 280 people with multiple sclerosis, 71 % female, and another includes a convenience sample of 615 individuals from the community, 51.1% female. Because the construct is built upon a theoretical assumption that has one dimension, we examine the hypothesis of one or two factor solutions through confirmatory factor analysis, and the two-dimension solution premise demonstrates better adjustment for both samples. The other psychometric properties explored show appropriate results for the Portuguese sample, and similar to the original ones; the Test therefore seems appropriate for use in cross cultural studies. Based on our results, we discuss whether the questionnaire is a one or two dimension instrument, concluding that it appears appropriate to accept the recommendations of the original authors to use it as a one-dimensional tool and, when necessary, to use both dimensions.

El objetivo del estudio es adaptar y discutir la adecuación de la prueba de Orientación de la Vida en una o dos escalas de dimensión. La investigación engloba dos estudios, uno constituido por una muestra secuencial de 280 personas con esclerosis múltiple, 71% mujeres y otro con una muestra de conveniencia de la comunidad de 615 individuos, 51,1% del sexo femenino. Como el constructo se asienta sobre la presunción teórica de que tiene una dimensión, inspeccionamos la hipótesis de una o dos soluciones de factor a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la hipótesis de dos dimensiones manifiesta un mejor ajuste para ambas muestras. Las otras propiedades psicométricas exploradas muestran los resultados apropiados para la muestra portuguesa, y semejantes a los originales. Parece apropiado para los estudios culturales transversales. Basándonos en nuestros resultados, discutimos si el cuestionario es un instrumento de una o dos dimensiones, concluyéndose que parece conveniente seguir las recomendaciones de los autores originales, para utilizarlo como un instrumento unidimensional y, si fuera necesario necesario, utilizar cada una de las dimensiones.

Keywords

optimismvalidation studyLOT-R dimensionalityoptimismoestudio de validacióndimensionalidad LOT-R
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , November 2012 , pp. 1259 - 1271
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Affleck, G., Tennen, H., & Apter, A. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and daily life with chronic illness. In Chang, Edward C. (Ed.), Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp147–168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, G. (1996). The benefits of optimism: A meta-analytic review of the life orientation test. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 719–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00118-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, F. M., & Robinson, J. P. (1991). Measures of subjective well being. In Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (Orgs.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 61–114). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aspinwall, L., Richter, L., & Hoffman, R. III (2001). Understanding how optimism works: An examination of optimists' adaptive moderation of belief and behavior. In Chang, Edward C. (Edt.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp.217–238). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, T. C., Eng, W., Frisch, M., & Snyder, C. (2007). Hope and optimism as related to life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 168–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760701409546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandeira, M., Bekou, V., Lott, K., Teixeira, M., & Rocha, S. (2002). Validação transcultural do Teste de Orientação da Vida (TOV-R) [transcultural validation of the life orientation test]. Estudos de Psicologia, 7, 251–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2002000200006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.88.3.588CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentler, P. M., & Wu, E. J. (1995). EQS/Windows user's guide. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP: Statistical software.Google Scholar
Benyamini, Y. (2005). Can high optimism and high pessimism co-exist? Findings from arthritis patients coping with pain. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1463–1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benyamini, Y., Leventhal, E., & Leventhal, H. (1999). Self-assessments of health: What do people know that predicts their mortality. Research on Aging, 21, 477–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027599213007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenes, G. A., Rapp, S., Rejeski, W., & Miller, M. (2002). Do optimism and pessimism predict physical functioning? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 219–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015376510466CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, F., & Cvengros, J. (2004). Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.2.273.31018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardol, M., de Haan, R., de Jong, B., van den Bos, G., & de Groot, I. (2001). Psychometric properties of the impact on participation and autonomy questionnaire. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 210–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.18218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review 30, 879–889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K.(1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, E. (1998). Does dispositional optimism moderate the relation between perceived stress and psychological well-being? A preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 233–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00028-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, E. C., D'Zurilla, J., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (1994). Assessing the dimensionality of optimism and pessimism using a multimeasure approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 143–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, E., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & D'Zurilla, T. (1997). Optimism and pessimism as partially independent constructs: Relationship to positive and negative affectivity and psychological well-being. Personality and individual Differences, 23, 433–440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)80009-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, E., Chang, R., & Sanna, L. (2009). Optimism, pessimism, and motivation: Relations to adjustment. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00190.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, E., & Farrehi, A., (2001). Optimism/pessimism and information processing styles: Can their influences be distinguished in predicting psychological adjustment? Personality and individual differences, 31, 555–562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00159-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, E., & Sanna, L (2003). Experience of life hassles and psychological adjustment among adolescents: Does it make a difference if one is optimistic or pessimistic? Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 867–879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)80009-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, E., & Sanna, L. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity in middle-aged adults: A test of a cognitive-affective model of psychological adjustment. Psychology and Aging, 16, 524–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.16.3.524CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, L., & Mcbride-Chang, C. (1996). The factor structure of the life orientation test. Educacional and Psychologial Measurement, 56, 325–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164496056002013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
David, D., Montgomery, G., & Bovbjerg, D. (2006). Relations between coping responses and optimism–pessimism in predicting anticipatory psychological distress in surgical breast cancer patients. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 203–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Moor, J., De Moor, C., Basen-Engquist, K., Kudelka, A., Bevers, M., & Cohen, L. (2006). Optimism, distress, health-related quality of life, and change in cancer antigen 125 among patients with ovarian cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 555–562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000222379.71389.91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebert, S., Tucker, D., & Roth, D. (2002). Psychological resistance factors as predictors of general health status and physical symptom reporting. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 7, 363–375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548500220139449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, S. (1983). Aggregation and beyond: Some basic issues on the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality, 51, 360–392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00338.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fayers, P., Aaronson, N., Bjordal, K., & Sullivan, M. (1995). On behalf of EORTC Quality of life study group. EORTC QLQ-C30 Scoring Manual. Brussels, Belgium: EORTC Study Group on Quality of Life.Google Scholar
Ferrando, P., Chico, E., & Tous, J. (2002). Propiedades psicométricas del Test de Optimismo: Life Orientation Test [Psychometric properties of the Optimism Test: Life Orientation Test]. Psicothema, 14, 673–680.Google Scholar
Fischer, R., & Chalmers, A. (2008). Is optimism universal? A meta-analytical investigation of optimism levels across 22 nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 378–382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, J., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 571–579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.50.3.571CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, K., & Cheskin, L. (1999). Optimism and obesity treatment outcomes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 141–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199901)55:1<141::AID-JCLP15>3.0.CO;2-G3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fournier, M., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (2002). How optimism contributes to the adaptation of chronic illness. A prospective study into the enduring effects of optimism on adaptation moderated by the controllability of chronic illness. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1163–1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00006-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fournier, M., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (1999) Optimism and adaptation to multiple sclerosis: What does optimism mean? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 303–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillham, J., Shatte, A., Reivich, K., & Seligman, M. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and explanatory style. In Chang, Edward C. (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp.53–75). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giltay, E., Geleijnse, J., Zitman, F., Hoekstra, T., & Schouten, E. (2004). Dispositional optimism and all-cause and cardio-vascular mortality in a prospective cohort of elderly Dutch men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1126–1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giltay, E., Kamphuis, M., Kalmijn, S., Zitman, F., & Kromhout, D. (2006). Dispositional optimism and the risk of cardiovascular death: The Zutphen elderly study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 431–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.4.431Google ScholarPubMed
Harju, B., & Bolen, L. (1998). The effects of optimism on coping and perceived quality of life of college students. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 185–200.Google Scholar
Heinonen, K., Räikkoőnen, K., Matthews, K., Scheier, M., Raitakari, O., Pulkki, L., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2006). Socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood: Associations with dispositional optimism and pessimism over a 21-year follow-up. Journal of Personality, 74, 1111–1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00404.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzberg, P., Glaesmer, H., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Separating optimism and pessimism: A robust psychometric analysis of the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT–R). Psychological Assessment, 18, 433–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.433CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38, 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2955359CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Idler, E. L., Hudson, S., & Leventhal, H. (1999). The meanings of self-ratings of health: A qualitative and quantitative approach. Research on Aging, 21, 458–476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027599213006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, L., Zhang, Z., Usborne, E., & Guan, Y. (2004). Optimism across cultures: In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00132.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, G. A., & Camacho, T. (1983). Perceived health and mortality: A nine-year follow up of the human population laboratory cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117, 292–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korkeila, K., Kivelä, S., Suominen, S., Vahtera, J., Kivimäki, M., Sundell, J., … & Koskenvuo, M. (2004). Childhood adversities, parent-child relationships and dispositional optimism in adulthood. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 286–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0740-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurtzke, J. F. (1983) Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis:An expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology, 33, 1444–1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.33.11.1444CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, J., Cheung, H., Lee, W., & Yu, H. (1998). The utility of the Revised Life Orientation Test to measure optimism among Hong Kong Chinese. International Journal of Psychology, 33, 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002075998400600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, G. N., Wortman, C. B., Kusulas, J. W., Hervig, L. K., & Vickers, R. R. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1067–1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.62.6.1067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. K., & Adler, J. (2006). How does personality develop? In Mroczek, D. & Little, T. (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp.469–492). Hillsdale: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Google Scholar
Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50, 741–749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.50.9.741CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mroczek, D. K., Spiro, A. III, Aldwin, C. M., Ozer, D. J., & Boss, R. (1993). Construct validation of optimism and pessimism in older men: Findings from the normative aging study. Health Psychology, 12, 406–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.5.406CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D., McMahon, K., Joffe, M., & Brensinger, C. (2003). The effect of depressive symptoms and optimismo on risk of spontaneous abortion among innercity women. Journal of Women's Health, 12, 569–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pais Ribeiro, J., & Pedro, L. (2006). Contribuição para a análise psicométrica e estrutural da escala revista de avaliação do optimismo (Escala de Orientação de Vida Revista-EOR-R) em doentes com esclerose múltipla [Contribution for psychometric and structural analysis of optimism (The Revised Life Orientation Test) in patients with multiple sclerosis], In Leal, I., Pais-Ribeiro, J., & Neves, S., (Eds.), Actas do 6° Congresso Nacional de Psicologia da Saúde [Proceedings of the 6th narional conference on health psychology] (pp.133–139). Lisboa, Portugal: ISPAPA;Google Scholar
Pais-Ribeiro, J., Martins da Silva, A., Meneses, R., & Falco, C. (2007). Relationship between optimism, disease variables, and health perception and quality of life in individuals with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 11, 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.04.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raikkonen, K., & Matthews, K. (2008). Do dispositional pessimism and optimism predict ambulatory blood pressure during school days and nights in adolescents? Journal of Personality, 76, 605–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00498.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, H. N., Scheier, M. F., & Greenhouse, J. B. (2009) Optimism and physical health: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 239–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9111-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauch, W., Schweizer, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2007). Method effects due to social desirability as a parsimonious explanation of the deviation from unidimensionality in LOT-R scores. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1597–1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson-Whelen, S., Kim, C., MacCallum, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (1997). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism in older adults: Is it more important to be optimistic or not to be pessimistic? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1345–1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.73.6.1345CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01173489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.4.3.219CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem) – a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheier, M., Matthews, K., Owens, J., Schulz, R., Bridges, M., Magovern, G., & Carver, C. (1999). Optimism and rehospitalisation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 829–835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.8.829CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schou, I., Ekeberg, Ø., & Ruland, C. (2005). The mediating role of appraisal and coping in the relationship between optimism–pessimism and quality of life. Psycho-Oncology 14, 718–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.896CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schou, I., Ekeberg, Ø., Ruland, C., Sandvik, L., & Karesen, R. (2004). Pessimism as a predictor of emotional morbidity one year following breast cancer surgery. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 309–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.747CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schou, I., Ekeberg, Ø., Sandvik, L., & Ruland, C. (2005). Stability in optimism–pessimism in relation to bad news: A study of women with breast cancer. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 148–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8402_04CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segerstrom, S., & Nes, L. (2006). When goals conflict but people prosper: The case of dispositional optimism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 675–693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, T. W., Pope, M. K., Rhodewalt, F., & Poulton, J. L. (1989). Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports: An alternative interpretation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 640–648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.4.640CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, C., Sympson, S., Michael, S., & Cheavens, J. (2001). Optimism and hope constructs: Variants on a positive expectancy theme. In Chang, Edward C. (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp.101–125). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope. Journal of Counselling & Development, 73, 355–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01764.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249–275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, A., & Ware, J. Jr, (1992). Measuring functioning and well-being: The medical outcomes study approach. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Terrill, D., Friedman, D., Gottschalk, L., & Haaga, D. (2002). Construct validity of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 550–563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7903_09CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trottier, C., Mageau, G., Trudel, P., & Halliwell, W. (2008). Validation de la version canadienne-francaise du Life Orientation Test–Revised. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 40, 238–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Velden, P. G., Kleber, R. J., Fournier, M., Grievink, L., Drogendijk, A., & Gersons, B. P. (2007). The association between dispositional optimism and mental health problems among disaster victims and a comparison group: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 102, 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vautier, S., Raufaste, E., & Cariou, M. (2003). Dimensionality of the Revised Life Orientation Test and the status of filler items. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590344000222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickers, K., & Vogeltanz, N. (2000). Dispositional optimism as a predictor of depressive symptoms over time. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 259–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00095-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickrey, B. G., Hays, R. D., Harooni, R., & Meyers, L. W. (1995) A health related quality of life measure for multiple sclerosis. Quality of Life Research, 4, 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02260859CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J., Snow, K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 Health survey manual and interpretation guide. Boston, MA: New England Medical Center, The Health Institute.Google Scholar
Watson, D., & Hubbard, B. (1996). Adaptational style and dispositional structure: Coping in the context of the five-factor model. Journal of personality, 64, 737–774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00943.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar