Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-8zxtt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T03:01:51.876Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

How is Time Perspective Related to Perceptions of Self and of Interpersonal Relationships?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2014

Umit Akirmak
Umit Akirmak*
Affiliation:
Istanbul Bilgi University (Turkey)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Umit Akirmak, Department of Psychology, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul (Turkey). E-mail: umit.akirmak@bilgi.edu.tr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Previous research has revealed a positive association between balanced time perspective (BTP) and subjective well-being (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004), however mechanisms underlying BTP are yet to be determined. The goal of the present study was to examine the contributions of personality and quality of interpersonal relationships in the development of BTP. Additionally, the correlations between these measures and time perspective dimensions were evaluated as an attempt to provide further psychometric properties of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Turkish sample. 178 undergraduates filled out a survey that included the ZTPI and measures that assessed personality characteristics, and quality of parent, peer, and adult relationships. Results showed that deviation from BTP was positively associated with romantic anxiety (r = .41, p < .001), romantic avoidance (r = .33, p < .001), and neuroticism (r = .49, p < .001) but negatively associated with self-esteem (r = –.50, p < .001) and security of the mother (r = –.38, p < .001), father (r = –.37, p < .001) and peer (r = –.27, p < .001) attachment. When personality and attachment measures were employed in a regression analysis, father attachment, romantic anxiety, self-esteem, and neuroticism were found to be significant predictors of the deviation from BTP scores (adjusted R2 = .39, f2 = .75). Finally, the inter-correlations of the ZTPI dimensions and their correlations with the personality and attachment measures provided additional support for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the ZTPI. These findings imply that positive perceptions of self and of interpersonal relationships are crucial in the development of BTP.

Keywords

ZTPIbalanced time perspectivepersonalityparent and peer attachmentadult attachment
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 17 , 2014 , E92
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Alex Linley, P., & Ivanchenko, G. V. (2010). A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760903271181 Google Scholar
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning. In Linley, P. A. & Joseph, S. (Eds.), Positive Psychology in Practice, (pp. 165–178) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470939338.ch10 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Volume I: Loss, sadness and depression. London, UK: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
Carelli, M. G., Wiberg, B., & Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and construct validation of the Swedish Zimbardo time perspective inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 220–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000076 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. E. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Cuhadaroglu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygisi. [Self-esteem in adolescents]. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hacettepe Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey.Google Scholar
Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17, 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463X07086304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunkel, C. S., & Weber, J. L. (2010). Using three levels of personality to predict time perspective. Current Psychology, 29, 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-010-9074-x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erginbilgic, A. K. (Unpublished data). The reliability and validity of Zimbardo time perspective inventory scores in Turkish university students .Google Scholar
Francis, J. L., Brown, L. B., & Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the revised Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the U.S.A., and Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 443–449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90073-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, S. P., & Sifers, S. K. (2011). Bouncing back from a breakup: Attachment, time perspective, mental health, and romantic loss. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 25, 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2011.605693 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunaydin, G., Selcuk, E., Sumer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). A new scale developed to measure adult attachment dimensions: Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) – Psychometric evaluation in a Turkish sample. Turkish Psychological Articles, 8, 13–23.Google Scholar
Holman, E. A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2009). The social language of time: The time perspective-social network connection. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31, 136–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973530902880415 Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T., Huss, M., Fendrich, M., Kruesi, M. J. P., & Ziegenhain, U. (1997). Children’s ability to delay gratification: Longitudinal relations to mother—child attachment. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 158, 411–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221329709596679 Google Scholar
James, W. (1890/1950). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York, NY: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Karanci, A. N., Dirik, G., & Yorulmaz, O. (2007). Reliability and validity studies of Turkish translation of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 254–261.Google ScholarPubMed
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 149–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laghi, F., D’Alessio, M., Pallini, S., & Baiocco, R. (2009). Attachment representations and time perspective in adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 90, 181–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9249-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liniauskaitė, A., & Kairys, A. (2009). The Lithuanian version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Psichologija, 40, 66–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raja, S. N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 471–485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01537898 Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Saribay, S. A., & Andersen, S. M. (2007). Relational to collective: Significant-other representations, ethnic categories, and intergroup perceptions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1714–1726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seginer, R. (2003). Adolescent future orientation: An integrated cultural and ecological perspective. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1056 Google Scholar
Selcuk, E., Gunaydin, G., Sumer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). The psychometric evaluation of the short form of parent and peer attachment. Turkish Psychological Articles, 8, 1–11.Google Scholar
Stolarski, M., Bitner, J., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2011). Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards. Time & Society, 20, 346–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463X11414296 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Beek, W., Berghuis, H., Kerkhof, A., & Beekman, A. (2011). Time perspective, personality, and psychopathology: Zimbardo’s time perspective inventory in psychiatry. Time Society, 20, 364–374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463X10373960 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR)-Short Form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268041 Google Scholar
Wiberg, M., Sircova, A., Wiberg, B., & Carelli, M. G. (2012). Operationalizing balanced time perspective in a Swedish sample. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 12, 95–107.Google Scholar
Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2007). The reliability and validity of Zimbardo time perspective inventory scores in academically talented adolescents. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67, 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164406296985 Google Scholar
Zhang, J. W., & Howell, R. T. (2011). Do time perspectives predict unique variance in life satisfaction beyond personality traits? Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1261–1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.021 Google Scholar
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual- differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271–1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.77.6.1271 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimbardo, P. G., Sword, R. M., & Sword, R. K. M. (2012). The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar