Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-27T07:10:16.869Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Characterization of germinating and non-viable soybean seeds by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2007

P. Krishnan ,
D.K. Joshi ,
Shantha Nagarajan  and
A.V. Moharir
P. Krishnan*
Affiliation:
Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753 006, India
D.K. Joshi
Affiliation:
Nuclear Research Laboratory, IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
Shantha Nagarajan
Affiliation:
Nuclear Research Laboratory, IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
A.V. Moharir
Affiliation:
Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753 006, India
*
*Correspondence Email: prameelakrishnan@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The changes in water status of germinating and non-viable soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seeds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. There were distinct changes in water status between viable and non-viable soybean seeds. In dry seeds, there were only two components, bound and bulk water, as revealed by component analysis of NMR (T2) data. On the contrary, a three-component water proton system (bound, bulk and free water) was observed in both germinating and non-viable soybeans during Phase I of hydration. The bulk water component of non-viable seeds disappeared completely during the lag phase (Phase II) of hydration, resulting in a two-component water proton system. In contrast, the three-component water proton system in Phase II was observed in the germinating seeds. Rapid hydration (Phase III), following Phase II, was observed in germinating soybean seeds only. Due to reorganization of water protons, there was a concomitant increase in bulk and free water, but a decrease in bound water. The physical state of water in these seeds (analysed by NMR spectroscopy) and the measurements of tissue leachate conductivity suggest that non-viable soybean seeds were more affected by the disorganized cell structure in the seed membrane system. The present study also provides evidence that physical reorganization of water is essential in germinating soybean seeds during hydration.

Keywords

accelerated ageinggerminationGlycine max L. MerrNMRrelaxation timesT2water statusviability
Type
Research Article
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 14 , Issue 4 , December 2004 , pp. 355 - 362
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bernal-Lugo, I. and Leopold, A.C. (1998) The dynamics of seed mortality. Journal of Experimental Botany 49, 1455–1461.Google Scholar
Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. (1985) Seeds: Physiology of development and germination. New York, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Brosio, E., Di Nola, A., Fracassi, M., Carnovale, E. and Marconi, E. (1992) NMR study of seed hydration: The role of the seed anatomical structures in water uptake of soaked cowpeas. Cellular and Molecular Biology 38, 693–697.Google ScholarPubMed
Brosio, E., DiNola, A. and Verzegnassi, B. (1993) NMR study of seed hydration: Effect of pH and ionic strength on water uptake of soaked cowpeas. Cellular and Molecular Biology 39, 193–198.Google Scholar
Di Nola, A., Brosio, E., Delfini, M., Manes, F. and Quattrocchi, S. (1988) Hydration mechanism study in lettuce seeds by proton NMR relaxation times. Cellular and Molecular Biology 34, 636–648.Google Scholar
Di Nola, A., D'Ubaldo, A., Fracassi, M. and Brosio, E. (1991) NMR study of seed hydration with deuterated water. Dependence of proton signals on hydration level. Cellular and Molecular Biology 37, 9–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Foucat, L., Chavagnat, A. and Renou, J.P. (1993) Nuclear-magnetic-resonance microimaging and x-radiography as possible techniques to study seed-germination. Scientia Horticulturae 55, 323–331.Google Scholar
Fukuoka, M., Watanabe, H., Mihori, T. and Shimada, S. (1994) Moisture diffusion in a dry soybean seed measured using pulsed-field-gradient NMR. Journal of Food Engineering 23, 533–541.Google Scholar
Gambhir, P.N., Pramila, R.K., Nagarajan, S., Joshi, D.K. and Tiwari, P.N. (1997) Relationship between NMR relaxation characteristics and water activity in cereal leaves. Cellular and Molecular Biology 43, 1191–1196.Google ScholarPubMed
Ganguli, S. and Senmandi, S. (1993) Effect of aging on amylase activity and scutellar cell structure during imbibition in wheat seed. Annals of Botany 71, 411–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golovina, E.A. and Tikhonov, A.N. (1994) The structural differences between the embryos of viable and non-viable wheat seeds as studied with the EPR spectroscopy of lipid-soluble spin labels. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta – Biomembranes 1190, 385–392.Google Scholar
Haranczyk, H., Strzalka, K., Jasinski, G., Mosna, and, Bojarska, K. (1996) The initial stages of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seed imbibition as observed by proton nuclear magnetic relaxation. Colloids and Surfaces A – Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 115, 47–54.Google Scholar
Hou, J.Q., Kendall, E.J. and Simpson, G.M. (1997) Water uptake and distribution in non-dormant wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) caryopses. Journal of Experimental Botany 48, 683–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishida, N., Kano, H., Kobayashi, T. and Yoshida, T. (1988) Analysis of physical states of water in soybean seeds by NMR. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, 2777–2781.Google Scholar
Isobe, S., Ishida, N., Koizumi, M., Kano, H. and Hazelwood, C.F. (1999) Effect of electric field on physical states of cell-associated water in germinating morning glory seeds observed by 1 H NMR. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – General Subjects 1426, 17–31.Google Scholar
ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) (1985) International rules of seed testing. Seed Science and Technology 13, 299–513.Google Scholar
Krishnan, P., Nagarajan, S. and Moharir, A.V. (2003a) Changes in NMR relaxation times in soybean and wheat seeds equilibrated at different temperatures and relative humidity. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 40, 46–50.Google Scholar
Krishnan, P., Nagarajan, S., Dadlani, M. and Moharir, A.V. (2003b) Characterisation of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and soybean ( Glycine max ) seeds under accelerated ageing conditions by proton nuclear magnetic spectroscopy. Seed Science and Technology 31, 541–550.Google Scholar
Krishnan, P., Joshi, D.K., Nagarajan, S. and Moharir, A.V. (2004a) Characterisation of germinating and non-viable wheat seeds by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. European Biophysics Journal 33, 76–82.Google Scholar
Krishnan, P., Joshi, D.K., Maheswari, M., Nagarajan, S. and Moharir, A.V. (2004b) Characterisation of soybean and wheat seeds by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biologia Plantarum 48, 117–120.Google Scholar
Lenk, R., Degliagosti, R. and Greppin, H. (1991) Studies of oat seeds germination by NMR. Biologia Plantarum 33, 501–504.Google Scholar
Maheswari, M., Joshi, D.K., Saha, R., Nagarajan, S. and Gambhir, P.N. (1999) Transverse relaxation time of leaf water protons and membrane injury in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in response to high temperature. Annals of Botany 84, 741–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, M.B. (1999) Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science and Technology 27, 177–237.Google Scholar
Miedziejko, E.M. (1997) Impact of chemical stimuli and temperature on water transport and mobility in germinating rape seeds by pulsed H-1 NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 35, S61–S68Google Scholar
Millard, M.M., Veisz, O.B., Krizek, D.T. and Line, M. (1996) Thermodynamic analysis of the physical state of water during freezing in plant tissue, based on the temperature dependence of proton spin–spin relaxation. Plant, Cell and Environment 19, 33–42.Google Scholar
Noda, N., Sakaguchi, K., Kumamoto, Y., Iwaya-Inoue, M. (1998) Determination of the phase change in the 1 H-NMR relaxation behavior of dehydrating soybean seed using the AIC method. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 43, 67–74.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, R.G. (1994) In vivo NMR studies of higher plants and algae. Advances in Botanical Research 20, 44–123.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, R.G. and Shachar-Hill, Y. (2001) Probing plant metabolism with NMR. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 52, 499–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratkovic, S. (1987) Proton NMR of maize seed water: The relationship between spin-lattice relaxation time and water content. Seed Science and Technology 15, 147–154.Google Scholar
Ridenour, C.F., Xiong, J. and Maciel, G.E. (1996) Investigation of germination and aging in Moravian III barley grain by nuclear magnetic resonance. Biophysical Journal 70, 511–531.Google Scholar
Smith, M.T. and Berjak, P. (1995) Deteriorative changes associated with the loss of viability of stored desiccation-tolerant and desiccation-sensitive seeds. 701–746. in Kigel, J.;, Galilli, G. (Eds) Seed development and germination. New York, Marcel DekkerGoogle Scholar
Snaar, J.E.M. and Van As, H. (1992) Probing water compartments and membrane permeability in plant cells by H1 NMR relaxation measurements. Biophysical Journal 63, 1654–1658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, M. and Steiner, A.M. (1998) Germination and vigour loss of non-sprouted and sprouted wheat seeds during storage – testing the viability constants. Seed Science Research 8, 123–128.Google Scholar
Sun, W.Q. and Leopold, A.C. (1994) Glassy state and accelerated aging of soybeans. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 767–774.Google Scholar
Van As, H. (1992) NMR in horticulture: In situ plant water balance studies with NMR. Acta Horticulturae 304, 103–112.Google Scholar
Walters, C. (1998) Understanding the mechanisms and kinetics of seed aging. Seed Science Research 8, 223–244.Google Scholar