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HAMBURG
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 December 2010
Extract
I had the honor of reporting to Your Lordship, in my despatch No 14 of the 21st January last, that the requisition made for the Austrian Corps to garrison this Town, was for a force not to exceed 2 batallions [sic], from 3,500 to 4000 men; indeed, these were stated to me by the Austrian Minister as about the numbers destined for Hamburg. It appears, however, that the Force now actually in garrison in this City consists of 5200 men.
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- Research Article
- Information
- Royal Historical Society Camden Fifth Series , Volume 37: BRITISH ENVOYS TO GERMANY 1816–1866 , December 2010 , pp. 179 - 218
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- Copyright © Royal Historical Society 2010
References
1 The issue of the quartering of Austrian troops stemmed from the federal intervention in Holstein to restore the authority of Frederik VII as Duke of Holstein. It was requested by Austria and Prussia in their note to the Hamburg senate of 20 January 1851. While the senate initially refused, it was agreed to on 22 January.
2 Fortress of Rendsburg.
3 Hodges most probably refers to Prokesch's dispatch to Lützow of 22 January 1851.
4 On 14 August 1849, Hamburg joined the Erfurt Union, the Prussian project for the establishment of a kleindeutsch federal state.
5 Censorship, introduced in consequence of the Carlsbad decrees of 1819, was abolished on 9 March 1848.
6 Militia.
7 Hamburg Fire of 5–8 May 1842, in which about one-fifth of the city was destroyed.
8 Prussian troops entered Hamburg on 17 August 1849, after the unrest of 13 and 14 August directed against a Prussian battalion. The occupation, which was justified in terms of the protection of federal troops on their return from the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, was approved by Hamburg's senate on 21 August and lasted until November 1850.
9 Enclosure: letter from George Lloyd dated Lübeck, 5 January 1851.
10 Constitution of 1710/1712.
11 The constituent assembly, which existed from 14 December 1848 until its dissolution on 17 June 1850, presented the draft constitution on 11 July 1849. The constitution was subsequently sent on to the Neuner-Kommission (installed on 27 September 1849) for revision. The commission, consisting of four members of the senate and five members of the Bürgerschaft (the municipal parliament), submitted their proposals to the senate on 5 November 1849. After further adjustments by the senate, the constitution was accepted by the Bürgerschaft on 23 May 1850 with the proviso that it be suspended until certain transitory regulations and organic laws on the judiciary and administration were passed. For the further development of the constitutional question see pp. 198–202.
12 Hodges was a member of the administrative commission for Schleswig from August 1849 to July 1850.
13 See n. 9 in Frankfurt section.
14 Verein von Kaufleuten des Manufactur-Waaren-Faches en gros.
15 The Commerz-Deputation, founded in 1665, was the precursor of the Hamburg chamber of commerce.
16 The Steuerverein was established in 1834 as a north German counterweight to the Prussian-centred Zollverein. Its members in 1851 were Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe.
17 In this dispatch, dated 4 March 1853, Hodges stated that Britain was criticized both publicly and in the press for offering asylum to refugees, and that acts such as the insurrection in Milan and the assassination attempt against the Emperor of Austria were immediately blamed on plots originating among exiles in Britain.
18 Sisinio de Pretis-Cagnodo.
19 Carl Hermann Merck.
20 Debates on the Refugee Question were held in the House of Commons on 1 and 3 March 1853 and in the House of Lords on 4 and 7 March. In its leader of 8 March 1853, The Times criticized Austria's policy towards the Swiss Canton Ticino, where the failed uprising in Lombardy-Venetia had been plotted (see n. 25 in Saxony section). The measures included the expulsion of immigrants from Ticino and the seizure of the estates and property of persons who went into exile following the events of 1848 and 1849.
21 In this dispatch of 23 March, Hodges reported that public opinion was in favour of the British and French policy towards the Eastern Question.
22 The allied fleet reached the Baltic Sea on 25 March 1854.
23 Hodges refers to volumes V and VI of the Eastern Papers, which were presented to Parliament on 17 March 1854.
24 Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations), 16–19 October 1813.
25 Prince Georg, a Russian officer, arrived at Berlin on 3 April 1854, bearing a letter from the Tsar to the King of Prussia. The letter stated that, should the Western Powers secure a treaty from the Ottoman Empire emancipating its Christian subjects, Russia would willingly leave the Danubian principalities at the same time as the Western Powers evacuated their fleets from the Black Sea.
26 The law regulating credit for extraordinary expenses of the military administration was voted by the chamber of deputies on 8 April 1854. In the protocol signed at the Vienna Conference on 9 April, Austria, France, Great Britain, and Prussia declared that they would remain united ‘in the double object of maintaining the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire’ and ‘of consolidating [. . .] the civil and religious rights of the Christian subjects of the Porte’. Austria and Prussia also recognized that Britain and France's declaration of war against Russia in March 1854 was ‘founded in right’.
27 Enclosure: pamphlet entitled Deutsche Antwort auf die Orientalische Frage, 1854 (original and English summary).
28 The ‘Göttingen Seven’ were dismissed from their posts in December 1837 because of their protest against King Ernst August's revocation of the 1833 constitution.
29 For the German Legion see n. 49 in Saxony section.
30 The Kreuzzeitung (see n. 33 in Prussia section) of 21 December 1854 quoted the law of 31 December 1842, which stated that no Prussian was allowed to enter foreign military service without the prior annulment of his citizenship (Untertanenverhältnis) and being granted permission to emigrate.
31 The King's German Legion (1803–1816), consisting mainly of Hanoverians who had fled from French occupation, was a regular part of the British army during the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
32 France and Great Britain.
33 Friedrich Wilhelm August Grumbrecht.
34 For the underlying constitutional struggle and the reactionary course of the Hanoverian government, see n. 11 in Hanover section and pp. 233–234.
35 The Times, 19 March 1856.
36 David Salomons.
37 Nicolaus Binder.
38 Johann Eduard Blumenthal.
39 Order of 14 June 1859. For the Prussian policy during the Second War of Italian Independence of 1859, see pp. 125–127 and 483–486.
40 For the Concordat of 1855 see n. 21 in Austria section.
41 Hanoverian motion to the Federal Diet of 13 May 1859. Prussia filed a protest in the sitting of the same day.
42 Prussian note to governments of Baden, Bavaria, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Württemberg of 14 June 1859, which was also brought to the attention of the City of Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, and Saxony. On 18 June, Prussia invited all member states of the Confederation except Austria (but including Denmark for Holstein and Lauenburg, and the Netherlands for Luxemburg and Limburg) to military conferences at Berlin.
43 Federal resolution of 28 April 1859. The Holstein troops were part of the 10th corps of the federal army.
44 Eisenach Declaration of 14 August 1859. This was the founding declaration of the Nationalverein (see n. 71 in Frankfurt section).
45 See n. 45 in Frankfurt section.
46 Second War of Italian Independence, April–July 1859.
47 Address of the citizens of Stettin to Prince Regent Wilhelm, 16 August 1859. In his reply of 12 September, Schwerin-Putzar, the Prussian minister of the interior, agreed with the goals of German independence and unity in principle, but gave a warning against taking premature steps.
48 In Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Nationalverein was banned by order of 1 October 1858. For Hanover see n. 48 in Hanover section.
49 The Zollverein treaty expired on 31 December 1865.
50 Point five of the Eisenach Declaration stated that, in the event of an immediate threat, military leadership and the diplomatic representation of Germany would ‘be transferred to Prussia until the definitive formation of a German central government’.
51 For the constitutional question and the constitution of 23 May 1850, see n. 11 in this section.
52 See n. 8 in this section.
53 College of the Aldermen.
54 Austrian and Prussian notes to the Hamburg senate of 8 August 1851.
55 Committee for the Preservation of Internal Security and Order in the German Confederation (Reaktionsausschuß), established on 23 August 1851.
56 ‘Connected in an inseparable bond’.
57 See n. 45 in Frankfurt section.
58 It was decided that the constitution of 23 May 1850 be revised according to the provisions of the federal constitution, as demanded in the note of the federal committee to the Hamburg senate of 27 April 1852.
59 On 16 February 1859, the senate approved a proposal for a joint commission; it was declined by the Bürgerschaft (the municipal parliament) on 14 March. On 30 March, the senate prohibited the discussion of the constitutional question in public meetings.
60 The first elections to the Hamburg Bürgerschaft were held from 14 to 21 November 1859. The electoral law of 11 August 1859 granted suffrage on a mixture of estate and taxation categories.
61 The revised constitution came into force on 28 September 1860.
62 For the constitutional conflict in Hesse-Cassel, see n. 79 in Frankfurt section and n. 118 in Prussia section.
63 The Danish–German dispute centred on the constitutional status of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg within the Danish monarchy. In a decree of 8 March 1860, the Federal Diet declared that it would refrain from executive measures (the procedure for which had commenced on 12 August 1858) on the condition that the royal ducal government would not infringe the independence and equal rights of Holstein and Lauenburg (both member states of the German Confederation) within the common Danish monarchy. On 17 January 1861, the united committee of the Federal Diet recommended that the Danish patent of 23 September 1859 and the subsequent financial laws of 1860 should be declared void because they were passed without the prior approval of the estates of the duchies. Furthermore, it was proposed to oblige the Danish government to declare whether it would fulfil the requirements of the decree of 8 March 1860.
64 Harald Iver Andreas Raasløff.
65 See n. 153 in Prussia section.
66 Ward refers to the Danish patents of 6 November 1858 (communicated to the Federal Diet on 11 November), which annulled the Danish constitution of 2 October 1855 for the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg (but not for Schleswig).
67 Declaration of the Holstein members of the Nationalverein (see n. 71 in Frankfurt section) of 13 January 1861.
68 The affairs of Holstein and Lauenburg were governed by a separate administration.
69 The Macdonald Affair, a diplomatic crisis extensively discussed in the British and Prussian parliaments and press, originated in an incident at Cologne railway station on 12 September 1860, when a British traveller came into conflict with fellow passengers regarding the seats in his compartment, and was subsequently arrested and brought to trial.
70 Ward refers to the British warning of the possible dangers resulting from a federal execution in Holstein and Lauenburg, as well as the rejection of any attempts to incorporate Schleswig into Germany. For the Danish–German conflict see n. 63 in this section.
71 For the Plenum of the Diet of the Confederation see n. 4 in Saxony section.
72 The report on Vertheidigung der deutschen Nord- und Ostsee-Küste was submitted by the Prussian expert committee on coastal defence.
73 The Berlin conference of naval experts took place from 9 to 22 January 1860.
74 See n. 66 in Hanover section.
75 Hamburg was occupied from November 1806 to March 1813, and then from May 1813 to May 1814. From 1811 it was capital of the French Départements des Bouches de l'Elbe.
76 The Hanseatic Legion was formed on the initiative of General Tettenborn, and consisted of volunteers from Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck.
77 Nationalverein (see n. 71 in Frankfurt section).
78 See n. 24 in this section.
79 Pierre-Édouard Cintrat.
80 Enclosure: Staats und Gelehrte Zeitung des Hamburgischen unparteiischen Correspondenten, 20 March 1863.
81 Enclosures: Verzeichniss der auf der internationalen landwirthschaftlichen Ausstellung in Hamburg im Jahre 1863 ertheilten Prämien; Catalog der Pferde, Rindvieh, Schafe, Schweine, Federvieh, der Geräthe und Maschinen so wie der landwirthschaftliche Erzeugnisse jeder Art, angemeldet für die Internationale landwirthschaftliche Ausstellung.
82 At the Heiligengeistfeld.
83 Ernst II.
84 Peter II.
85 Friedrich Franz II.
86 Christian August.
87 According to the report of the joint committee of 19 September 1863 and the subsequent decision of the Federal Diet of 1 October, the object of the federal execution (see n. 99 in Frankfurt section) was to secure the independence and equal rights of Holstein and Lauenburg in a common constitution within the Danish monarchy.
88 The procedure to carry out a federal execution had been pending since the original decision of 12 August 1858. The process was resumed on 9 July 1863.
89 The royal patent of 30 March 1863 decreed the constitutional separation of the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg from Denmark and Schleswig. Furthermore, it denied the Danish monarchy's legal commitment not to incorporate Schleswig into Denmark, as stipulated in the royal manifesto of 28 January 1852 and the Danish note to Austria and Prussia of the following day.
90 Ward refers to Point 3 of the Declaration of Paris on maritime law, which protected neutral goods on enemy ships with the exception of contraband of war. Denmark acceded to the convention on 25 June 1856.
91 Austrian and Prussian declarations to the Federal Diet of 14 January 1864.
92 Leopold Graf Gondrecourt.
93 On 14 January 1864, the Federal Diet rejected the Austro-Prussian motion of 28 December 1863 to occupy Schleswig in order to prompt Denmark to abrogate the joint constitution for Denmark and Schleswig of 18 November (see n. 93 in Hanover section).
94 For the succession question and Friedrich von Augustenburg's claims see n. 97 in Frankfurt section.
95 John Ward was promoted from chargé d'affaires to minister resident to the Hanse Towns on 30 October 1865.
96 See n. 101 in Bavaria section.
97 See n. 116 in Württemberg section.
98 On ‘Black Friday’ of 11 May 1866, the British bank Overend, Gurney & Company collapsed, with liabilities of over £18 million. This caused a major commercial panic in Britain and a crisis across the international financial centres.
99 With the conclusion of the American Civil War and the end of the blockade of the southern states, cotton exports from America were resumed. This led to a significant fall in price.
100 In response to the Overend Gurney Crisis and the potential bankruptcy of the Bank of England, the British government temporarily suspended the Bank Act of 1844, which required new notes to be backed by a redemption fund of gold stored in its vaults.
101 On 4 July 1866, the Hamburg Bürgerschaft (the municipal parliament) agreed to an alliance and placed its troops at the disposal of Prussia.
102 The meeting of north German liberals took place on 12 July 1866.
103 Imperial constitution of 28 March 1849.