In this paper, the 3D self-positioning problem of a mobile robot is investigated under the assumption that there are given a set of guide points along with camera vision as the detection mechanism. The minimal number of guide points is discussed to determine the position and orientation of a mobile robot via a single or multiple camera system. For practical application, a closed form 3D self-positioning algorithm is proposed using a stereo camera system with triple guide points. It is further shown that a double triangular pattern is an effective guide-mark that is robust against measurement noise in feature extraction. Then, by simulation, the sensitivity of positioning errors due to image errors are analyzed. It is experimentally shown that the proposed method with triple guide points works well for a walking robot equipped with a stereo camera in laboratory environment.

In this paper, we develop a method for mobile robot control using ultrasonic sensors to determine displacement constraints between two parallel planes. Robot control has been simulated for this situation. Results obtained by simulation and experimentation are presented. A degraded mode which considers the use of one valid ultrasonic sensor is studied. In this case, a new model is developed and new results are analyzed.

This paper describes the robotics facilities and associated research program of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, lead center in telerobotics for the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Emphasis is placed on evolution from teleoperation to remote System automation. Research is described in manipulator modelling and control, real-time planning and monitoring, navigation in outdoor terrain, real-time sensing and perception, human-machine interface, and overall System architectures. Applications to NASA missions emphasize robotic spacecraft for solar System exploration, satellite servicing and retrieval, assembly of structures, and surveillance. Applications to military missions include battlefield navigation, surveillance, logistics, command and control.

A computational technique for obtaining minimum-time trajectories for robot manipulators is described in this paper. In the analysis, limitations to link movements due to design constraints are taken into consideration. Numerical examples based on a two-link planar robot arm shows the feasibility of the technique proposed. A physical explanation for the general characteristics of the observed trajectories is also presented. The importance of appreciating optimal control issues in designing robot manipulators and in planning robot workstation layouts is emphasised.

The dynamics of sensors operated devices such as Automated Mobile Robots and more generally automated target seeking devices is studied in presence of noise. We introduce a simple and analytically tractable class of dynamics which permits to classify qualitatively and somehow quantitatively also the approach to the targets when fluctuations corrupt the ideal trajectories. Our model constitute a first evaluation of the feasibility of an efficient approach when the parameters of the model (statistics of the noise, lengths of the path and progressing steps and heading velocity) are known.

A prototype system utilizing a vision technique to monitor the parameters of adhesive beads or sealants is presented. The system uses a structured light technique to investigate adhesive beads and extract information about the shape of the bead from binary images. The geometrical model of the bead, the relationship between this model and the shape of a line of light on the image are investigated. The models for calculating the parameters of the bead and the height of the camera are analyzed. Control strategies are suggested.

In this paper we develop a compilant system that permits robotic assembly of chamferless pieces. The idea is to absorb the positioning error between parts to be inserted by giving one of them a planar random movement. An actuator consisting of two axes (X and y) operated by an electromagnetic System is fitted to the work table; when its inputs are pseudo-random binary signais (P.R.B.S.) random motion is obtained. The trajectories of the actuator are analysed depending upon the P.R.B.S. parameters and a peg-in-a-hole assembly task is carried out. Experimental results show that large positioning errors can be compensated for chamferless insertions.

A specially designed system for movement monitoring is here presented. The system has a two level architecture. At the first level, a hardware processor analyses in real-time the images provided by a set of standard TV cameras and, using a technique based on the convolution operator, recognizes in each frame objects that have a specific shape. The coordinates of these objects are fed to a computer, the second level of the system, that analyses the movement of these objects with the aid of a set of rules representing the knowledge of the context. The system was extensively tested on the field and the main results are reported.

The whole system can work as a controlling device in robotics or as a general real-time image processor as well as an automatic movement analyser in biomechanics, orthopedic and neurological medicine.

Interpolation of a robot joint trajectory is realized using trigonometric splines. This original application has several advantages over existing methods (e.g. those using algebraic splines). For example, the computational expense is lower, more constraints can be imposed on the trajectory, obstacle avoidance can be implemented in real time, and smoother trajectories are obtained. Some of the spline parameters can be chosen to minimize an objective function (e.g. minimum jerk or minimum energy). If jerk is minimized, the optimization has a closed form solution. This paper introduces a trajectory interpolation algorithm, discusses a method for path optimization, and includes examples.

Airborne ultrasound based sensor systems have been applied to a variety of problems in robotics and advanced manufacturing. These include slot and hole inspection, and systems suitable for workspace imaging and autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) navigation. The transmission line matrix (TLM) method of modelling wave propagation has been used in the evaluation of these systems. The model gives both graphical and numerical outputs, and allows an improved understanding of the interaction of ultrasonic waves and targets to be obtained.

An algorithm is presented for the on-line generation of minimum-time trajectories for robot manipulators. The algorithm is designed for intelligent robots with advanced on-board sensory equipment which can provide the position and orientation of the end-effector. Planning is performed in the configuration (joint) space by the use of optimised combined polynomial splines, along with a search technique to identify the best minimum-time trajectory. The method proposed considers all physical and dynamical limitations inherent in the manipulator design, in addition to any geometric path constraints. Meeting the demands of the heavy computations involved lead to a distributed formulation on a multiprocessor system, for which an intelligent control unit has been created to supervise its proper and practical implementation. Simulation results of a proposed case study are presented for a PUMA 560 robot manipulator.

In this paper, an approach to modelling of a robotic assembly cell is proposed and a method for managing the cell operation is described using a knowledge base. Since the modelling structure is based on the concept of the state variable, the relationships between states are described by the state transition map (STM). The knowledge-bases for state transition and assembly job information are obtained from the STM and the assembly job tree (AJT), respectively. Using the knowledge-base, the System structure is discussed in relation to both managing the cell operation and evaluating the performances. Finally, a simulation algorithm is presented with the simulation results to show the significance of the proposed modelling approach.

The control stategy for a dextrous masters is different from the general case of bilateral teleoperation since it models the human hand in much more detail. Such a model is discussed together with the selection of actuators used for force feedback control. Existing prototypes of dextrous masters with force feedback are then reviewed. These are the Servo Controlled Manipulator Device, the Portable Dextrous Force Feedback Master (P.D.M.F.F.), the Remote Handler, and the Advanced Multiple DOF Force Reflective Hand/Wrist Master.

The problems concerning the control of constrained motion of manipulation robots are discussed in the paper. Two general problems of hybrid position/force control are considered: the problem of interaction between position and force control and the problem of contact between a robot and an environment. Some promising solutions to these problems are identified. It is shown that adaptive control is necessary to solve these problems. A new control scheme is proposed and results of computer simulations are presented

An iterative learning control method is proposed for a class of non-linear dynamic systems with uncertain parameters. The method, in which non-linear system model is used, employs the model algorithmic control concept in the iteration sequence. A sufficient condition for convergency is provided. Then the method is shown to be applicable to continuous-path control of a robot manipulator.

The extraction of contour information from objects is essential for purposes of grasping and manipulation. We proposed that human haptic exploration of contours, in the absence of vision, would reveal specialized patterns. Task goals and intrinsic system capacities were assumed to constrain the breadth of processing and the precision with which contour is encoded, thus determining parameters of exploration and ultimately producing movement synergies or “contour exploration procedures.” A methodology for testing these assumptions is described, and the most frequently observed procedures are documented in Part 1. Part 2 will further analyze the procedures, test predictions, and develop implications of the research. The paper (2 parts) is novel in its study of human manipulative behavior from a robotic standpoint; it is thus of interest to robotics research workers interested in the long-term goals of robot manipulation and those interested in an anthropomorphic approach to robotics studies.