Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-05T15:22:25.983Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Review of longer-term problems after a disabling stroke

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2007

Jenni Murray*
Affiliation:
Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK.
John Young
Affiliation:
Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK.
Anne Forster
Affiliation:
Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Jenni Murray, Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK.

Extract

Over the last three decades there has been a change in attitude to the care of patients after stroke from a somewhat nihilistic stance to a predominantly acute focus with potential for rehabilitation. More recently there has been a widening of perspective, with recognition that stroke is a long-term condition. Aligned with this has been a gradual shift in focus from a primarily biomedical approach to stroke care, to one that considers the psychological and social elements of the poststroke experience. However, the evidence base for stroke is still dominated by prevention and early-care treatments: only eight of the 238 recommendations reported in the UK national clinical guidelines for stroke specifically address longer-term management. The Australian clinical guidelines for stroke offer a similar pattern: 22 (14%) of 162 recommendations relate to community participation and organization of longer-term support. However, ongoing research efforts to develop and evaluate interventions for longer-term stroke care are beginning to address the imbalance in the evidence base. In our previous review, surveys reporting the types and prevalence of longer-term problems experienced after stroke were summarized and synthesized within a structured framework. The review demonstrated the complexity and diversity of the longer-term stroke experience, and highlighted the challenges that support services face in meeting the needs of patients and carers living with the aftermath of stroke. Keeping abreast with this challenging subject area is key to promoting the continued development of stroke services. This review is an update of our previous work, presenting the most recently published data on the prevalence of longer-term stroke-related problems.

Type
Clinical geriatrics
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Department of Health. The National Service Framework for Long-Term Conditions. London: Department of Health, HMSO, 2005.Google Scholar
2Royal College of Physicians. National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke. The Intercollegiate Working Party for Stroke. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2004.Google Scholar
3National Stroke Foundation. Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery. National Stroke Foundation (Australia), 2005.Google Scholar
4Young, J, Murray, J, Forster, A. Review of longer-term problems after disabling stroke. Rev Clin Gerontol 2003; 13:5565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Seventeenth European Stroke Conference (Abstracts). Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25 (suppl 2):1204.Google Scholar
6Murray, J, Ashworth, R, Forster, A, Young, J. Developing a primary-care-based stroke service: a review of the qualitative literature. Br J Gen Pract 2003; 53:137–42.Google Scholar
7Murray, J. The development of a primary- care-based model for stroke aftercare. University of Leeds, 2007.Google Scholar
8Healthcare Commission. Survey of stroke patients. London: Healthcare Commission. 2005.Google Scholar
9Healthcare Commission. Survey of patients 2006. Caring for people after they have had a stroke. London: Healthcare Commission, 2006.Google Scholar
10Barrett, JA. Bladder and bowel problems after stroke. Rev Clin Gerontol 2002; 12:253–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Hackett, ML, Yapa, C, Parag, V, Anderson, CS. Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 2005; 36:1330–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Treger, I, Shames, J, Giaquinto, S, Ring, H. Return to work in stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil 2007; 29:139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Pendlebury, ST, Rothwell, PM. Understanding the heterogeneity in reported rates of pre- and post-stroke dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25 (S2):10.Google Scholar
14Kimura, M, Murata, Y, Shimoda, K, Robinson, RG. Sexual dysfunction following stroke. Compr Psychiatry 2001; 42:217–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Kim, JS, Choi, S, Kwon, SU, Seo, YS. Inability to control anger or aggression after stroke. Neurology 2002; 58:1106–08.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Cheung, RT. Sexual functioning in Chinese stroke patients with mild or no disability. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 14:122–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Watkins, CL, Leathley, MJ, Gregson, JM, Moore, AP, Smith, TL, Sharma, AK. Prevalence of spasticity poststroke. Clin Rehabil 2002; 16:515–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Glader, EL, Stegmayr, B, Asplund, K. Poststroke fatigue: a 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden. Stroke 2002; 33:1327–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Hyndman, D, Ashburn, A, Stack, E. Fall events among people with stroke living in the community: circumstances of falls and characteristics of fallers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83:165–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Choi-Kwon, S, Kim, JS. Poststroke emotional incontinence and decreased sexual activity. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 13:3137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Kersten, P, Low, JTS, Ashburn, A, George, SL, McLellan, DL. The unmet needs of young people who have had a stroke: results of a national UK survey. Disabil Rehabil 2002; 24:860–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Fisk, GD, Owsley, C, Mennemeier, M. Vision, attention, and self-reported driving behaviors in community-dwelling stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83:469477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Mayo, NE, Wood-Dauphinee, S, Cote, R, Durcan, L, Carlton, J. Activity, participation, and quality of life 6-months poststroke. Archiv Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83:1035–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Martin, BJ, Yip, B, Hearty, M, Marletta, S, Hill, R. Outcome, functional recovery and unmet needs following acute stroke. Experience of patient follow-up at six to nine months in a newly established stroke service. Scott Med J 2002; 47:136–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Leys, D, Bandu, L, Henon, H et al. Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (aged 15 to 45) with ischemic stroke. Neurology 2002; 59:2633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Thommessen, B, Aarsland, D, Braekhus, A, Oksengaard, AR, Engedal, K, Laake, K. The psychosocial burden on spouses of the elderly with stroke, dementia and Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17:7884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Simon, T, Kendrick, C. Community provision for informal live-in carers of stroke patients. Br J Community Nurs 2002; 7:292–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Clarke, P, Marshall, V, Black, SE, Colantonio, A. Well-being after stroke in Canadian seniors: findings from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Stroke 2002; 33:1016–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Jorgensen, L, Engstad, T, Jacobsen, BK. Higher incidence of falls in long-term stroke survivors than in population controls: depressive symptoms predict falls after stroke. Stroke 2002; 33:542–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Morimoto, T, Schreiner, AS, Asano, H, Morimoto, T, Schreiner, AS, Asano, H. Caregiver burden and health-related quality of life among Japanese stroke caregivers. Age Ageing 2003; 32:218–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Vestling, M, Tufvesson, B, Iwarsson, S. Indicators for return to work after stroke and the importance of work for subjective well-being and life satisfaction. J Rehabil Med 2003; 35:127–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Low, J, Kersen, P, Ashburn, A, George, S, McLellan, D. A study to evaluate the met and unmet needs of members belonging to Young Stroke groups affiliated with the Stroke Association. Disabil Rehabil 2003; 25:1052–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Carlsson, GE, Moller, A, Blomstrand, C. Consequences of mild stroke in persons <75 years: a 1-year follow-up. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16:383–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Blake, H, Lincoln, NB, Clarke, DD. Caregiver strain in spouses of stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17:312–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Harari, DF, Coshall, CM, Rudd, AGF, Wolfe, CD. New-onset fecal incontinence after stroke: prevalence, natural history, risk factors, and impact. Stroke 2003; 34:144150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Ratnasabapathy, Y, Broad, J, Baskett, J, Pledger, M, Marshall, J, Bonita, R. Shoulder pain in people with a stroke: a population-based study. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17:304311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Sturm, JW, Donnan, GA, Dewey, H et al. Quality of life after stroke: the North-East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Stroke 2004; 35:2340–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Forsberg-Warleby, G, Moller, A, Blomstrand, C. Life-satisfaction in spouses of patients with stroke during the first year after stroke. J Rehabil Med 2004; 36:411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Kong, KH, Woon, VC, Yang, SY. Prevalence of chronic pain and its impact on health-related quality of life in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85:3540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Smith, LN, Norrie, J, Kerr, SM, Lawrence, IM, Langhorne, P, Lees, KR. Impact and influences on caregiver outcomes at one year post-stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 18:145–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Harris, JE, Eng, JJ. Goal priorities identified through client-centred measurement in individuals with chronic stroke. Physiother Canada 2004; 56:171–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Leathley, MJ, Gregson, JM, Moore, AP, Smith, TL, Sharma, AK, Watkins, CL. Predicting spasticity after stroke in those surviving to 12 months. Clin Rehabil 2004; 18:438–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Stone, J, Townend, E, Kwan, J, Haga, K, Dennis, MS, Sharpe, M. Personality change after stroke: some preliminary observations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2004; 75:1708–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Eriksson, MM, Asplund, KM, Glader, E-LMDP et al. Self-reported depression and use of antidepressants after stroke: a national survey. Stroke 2004; 35:936–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Sommerfeld, DK, Eek, EU, Svensson, AK, Holmqvist, LW, von Arbin, MH. Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations.[see comment]. Stroke 2004; 35:134–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Bakas, T, Austin, JK, Jessup, SL et al. Time and difficulty of tasks provided by family caregivers of stroke survivors. J Neurosci Nurs 2004; 36:95106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Watanabe, Y. Fear of falling among stroke survivors after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Int J Rehabil Res 2005; 28:149–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Mackintosh, SFH, Goldie, P, Hill, K. Falls incidence and factors associated with falling in older, community-dwelling, chronic stroke survivors (>1 year after stroke) and matched controls. Aging – Clin Exp Res 2005; 17:7481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Vestling, M, Ramel, E, Iwarsson, S. Quality of life after stroke: well-being, life satisfaction, and subjective aspects of work. Scand J Occup Ther 2005; 12:8995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Jorgensen, L, Engstad, T, Jacobsen, BK. Self-reported urinary incontinence in non-institutionalized long-term stroke survivors: A population-based study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86:416–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Naess, H, Nyland, HI, Thomassen, L, Aarseth, J, Myhr, KM. Fatigue at long-term follow-up in young patients with cerebral infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20:245–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Ostir, GV, Smith, PM, Smith, D, Berges, IM, Ottenbacher, KJ. The influence of perceived pain on satisfaction with community participation after hospital discharge. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86:2095–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Berg, A, Palomaki, H, Lonnqvist, J, Lehtihalmes, M, Kaste, M. Depression among caregivers of stroke survivors. Stroke 2005; 36:639–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Hochstenbach, J, Prigatano, G, Mulder, T. patients' and relatives' reports of disturbances nine months after stroke: subjective changes in physical functioning, cognition, emotion, and behavior. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86:1587–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55Choi-Kwon, S, Han, SW, Kwon, SU, Kim, JS. Post-troke fatigue: characteristics and related factors. Cerebrovasc Dise 2005; 19:8490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56Cadilhac, DA, Thorpe, RD, Pearce, DC et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in chronic stroke survivors. A study of the long-term follow-up of the SCOPES cohort using home-based polysomnography. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12:632–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Tooth, L, McKenna, K, Barnett, A, Prescott, C, Murphy, S. Caregiver burden, time spent caring and health status in the first 12 months following stroke. Brain Injury 2005; 19:963–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58National Stroke Association. Lack of adequate post-stroke care unveiled. National Stroke Association, 2006 (www.stroke.org).Google Scholar
59Brittain, K, Perry, S, Shaw, C, Matthews, R, Jagger, C, Potter, J. Isolated urinary, fecal, and double incontinence: prevalence and degree of soiling in stroke survivors. JAGS 2005; 54:1915–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60Clark, PC, Dunbar, SB, Aycock, DM, Courtney, E, Wolf, SL. Caregiver perspectives of memory and behavior changes in stroke survivors. Rehabil Nurs 2006; 31:2632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Appelros, P. Prevalence and predictors of pain and fatigue after stroke: a population-based study. Int J Rehabil Res 2006; 29:329–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Michael, KM, Allen, JK, Macko, RF. Fatigue after stroke: relationship to mobility, fitness, ambulatory activity, social support, and falls efficacy. Rehabil Nurs 2006; 31:2127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Paul, SL, Dewey, HM, Sturm, JW, Macdonell, RA, Thrift, AG. Prevalence of depression and use of antidepressant medication at 5-years poststroke in the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study. Stroke 2006; 37:2854–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Bakas, T, Kroenke, K, Plue, LD, Perkins, SM, Williams, LS. Outcomes among family caregivers of aphasic versus non-aphasic stroke survivors. Rehabil Nurs 2006; 31:3342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65Hunter, RV, Clarkson, JE, Fraser, HW, MacWalter, RS. A preliminary investigation into tooth care, dental attendance and oral health-related quality of life in adult stroke survivors in Tayside, Scotland. Gerodontology 2006; 23:140–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Cameron, JI, Cheung, AM, Streiner, DL, Coyte, PC, Stewart, DE. Stroke survivors' behavioral and psychologic symptoms are associated with informal caregivers' experiences of depression. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87:177–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Fatoye, FO, Komolafe, MA, Adewuya, AO, Fatoye, GK. Emotional distress and self-reported quality of life among primary caregivers of stroke survivors in Nigeria. East Afr Med J 2006; 83:271–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Belgen, B, Beninato, M, Sullivan, PE, Narielwalla, K. The association of balance capacity and falls self-efficacy with history of falling in community-dwelling people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87:554–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Townend, E, Tinson, D, Kwan, J, Sharpe, M. Fear of recurrence and beliefs about preventing recurrence in persons who have suffered a stroke. J Psychosomat Res 2006; 61:747–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Jonsson, A, Lindgren, I, Hallstrom, B, Norrving, B, Lindgren, A. Prevalence and intensity of pain after stroke: a population-based study focusing on patients' perspectives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77:590–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Draper, P, Brocklehurst, H. The impact of stroke on the well-being of the patient's spouse: an exploratory study. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16:264–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Ski, C, O'Connell, B. Stroke: the increasing complexity of carer needs. J Neurosci Nurs 2007; 39:172–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Hofgren, C, Bjorkdahl, A, Esbjornsson, E, Sunnerhagen, KS. Recovery after stroke: cognition, ADL function and return to work. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115:7380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74McLean, R. Employment status six months after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation for a mild-to-moderate physical disability. Anna Acad Med Singapore 2007; 36:1821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Vidovic, M, Sinanovic, O, Smajlovic, D. Quality of life in stroke survivors under sixty years of age. Bosnian J Basic Med Sci 2007; 7:250–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Lindgren, I, Jonsson, AC, Norrving, B, Lindgren, A. Shoulder pain after stroke: a prospective population-based study. Stroke 2007; 38:343–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Roth, EJ, Lovell, L. Community skill performance and its association with the ability to perform everyday tasks by stroke survivors one year following rehabilitation discharge. Top Stroke Rehabil 2007; 14:4856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Ekstam, L, Uppgard, B, von Koch, L, Tham, K. Functioning in everyday life after stroke: a longitudinal study of elderly people receiving rehabilitation at home. Scand J Caring Sci 2007; 21:434–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Hartman-Maeir, A, Soroker, N, Ring, H, Avni, N, Katz, N. Activities, participation and satisfaction one-year post stroke. Disabil Rehabil 2007; 29:559–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Mackenzie, A, Perry, L, Lockhart, E, Cottee, M, Cloud, G, Mann, H. Family carers of stroke survivors: needs, knowledge, satisfaction and competence in caring. Disabil Rehabil 2007; 29:111–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Carlsson, GE, Forsberg-Warleby, G, Moller, A, Blomstrand, C. Comparison of life satisfaction within couples one year after a partner's stroke. J Rehabil Med 2007; 39:219–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Pettersen, R, Saxby, BK, Wyller, TB. Poststroke urinary incontinence: one-year outcome and relationships with measures of attentiveness. JAGS 2007; 55:1571–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Klit, H, Finnerup, NB, Overvad, K, Andersen, G, Jensen, TS. A postal survey on post-stroke pain. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25 (S2):79.Google Scholar
84Savina, MA, Serpukhovitina, IA, Petrova, EA, Akexabdriva, NV, Kontzevoy, VA, Skvortsova, VI. Post-stroke phobias: frequency, subtypes, relation to depression and neurological deficit. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25 (S1):80.Google Scholar
85Valko, PO, Baumann, CR, Bassetti, CL. Prevalence of fatigue, sleepiness and hypersomnia after ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25 (S2):82.Google Scholar
86Cremieux, PY, Ouellett, P, Pilon, C. Health-care spending as determinants of health outcome. Health Econ 1999; 8:627–39.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Hare, R, Rogers, H, Lester, H, Mcmanus, RJ, Mant, J. What do stroke patients and their carers want from community services? Fam Pract 2006; 23:131–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Smith, J, Forster, A, House, A, Knapp, P, Wright, J, Young, J. Information provision for stroke patients and their caregivers. Cochrane Database Systemat Rev 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001919. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001919.pub2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89Early Supported Discharge Triallists. Service for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Systemat Rev 2005 Issue 2.Art. No.: CD000443. DOI: 10.1002/14651858/CD000443.pub2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90Stroke Unit Triallists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Systemat Rev 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000197. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000197.pub2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91Royal College of Physicians. Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2007.Google Scholar
92Hansson, P. Post-stroke pain case study: Clinical characteristics, therapeutic options and long-term follow-up. Eur J Neurol Suppl 2004; 111:2230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Gamble, GE, Barberan, E, Laasch, LU, Bowsher, D, Tyrrell, PJ, Jones, AK. Post-stroke shoulder pain: a prospective study of the association and risk factors in 152 patients from a consecutive cohort of 205 patients presenting with stroke. Eur J Pain 2002; 2:1327–333.Google Scholar
94Lai, S.M, Duncan, P.W, Keighley, J, Johnson, D. Depressive symptoms and independence in BADL and IADL. J Rehabil Res Devel 2002; 3:589–96.Google Scholar
95Suenkeler, IH, Nowak, M, Misselwitz, B et al. Time-course of health-related quality of life as determined 3, 6 and 12 months after stroke: relationship to neurological deficit, disability and depression. J Neurol 2002; 249:1106–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96Young, J, Bogle, S, Forster, A. Prediction of social recovery after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12:114–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Hackett, ML, House, AO, Anderson, CS. Management strategies for depression after stroke: Is there new evidence since 2004? Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25 (suppl 2):1204.Google Scholar
98Chan, KL, Campayo, A, Moser, DJ, Arndt, S, Robinson, RG. Aggressive behavior in patients with stroke: association with psychopathology and results of antidepressant treatment on aggression. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87:793–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99De Buck, PD, Schoones, JW, Allaire, SH, Vliet Vlieland, TP. Vocational rehabilitation in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases: a systematic literature review. Sem Arthrit Rheum 2002; 32:96203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Ellis-Hill, CS, Horn, S. Change in self-identity and self-concept: a new theoretical approach to recovery following stroke. Clin Rehabil 2000; 14:279–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101Patel, M, Coshall, C, Rudd, AG, Wolfe, CDA. Natural history and effects on 2-year outcomes of urinary incontinence after stroke. Stroke 2001; 32:122–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Wade, DT.Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google ScholarPubMed
103WHOQOL group. Development of the World Health Organisation WHOQOL-BREF quality-of-life assessment. Psychol Med 1998; 28:551–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
104Li, L, Young, D, Hu, Z. Longitudinal study of quality of life following stroke. Hong Kong J Psychiatry 2001: 11:1721.Google Scholar
105Williams, LS, Bakas, T, Brizendine, E et al. How valid are family proxy assessments of stroke patients' health-related quality of life? Stroke 2006; 37:2081–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Carod-Artal, J, Egido, JA, Gonzalez, JL, de Seijas, V. Quality of life among stroke survivors evaluated one year after stroke. Stroke 2000; 31:29953000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107Berges, IM, Ottenbacher, KJ, Kuo, YF, Smith, PM, Smith, D, Ostir, GV. Satisfaction with quality of life poststroke: effect of sex differences in pain response. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 88:413–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Kim, P, Warren, S, Madill, H, Hadley, M. Quality of life of stroke survivors. Qual Life Res 1999; 8:293301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Hackett, ML, Duncan, J, Anderson, CS, Broad, J, Bonita, R. Health-related quality of life among long-term survivors of stroke: results from the Auckland Stroke Study. Stroke 2000; 31:440–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Anderson, CC, Laubscher, S, Burns, R. Validation of the Short-Form 36 (SF36) health survey questionnaire among stroke patients. Stroke 1996; 27:1818–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Wade, DT, Legh-Smith, J, Langton-Hewer, R. Effects of living with and looking after survivors of a stroke. BMJ 1986; 293:418–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Wellwood, I, Dennis, MS, Warlow, CP. Perceptions and knowledge of stroke among surviving patients with stroke and their carers. Age Ageing 1994; 23:293–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Dennis, M, O'Rourke, S, Lewis, S, Sharpe, M, Warlow, C. A quantitative study of the emotional outcome of people caring for stroke survivors. Stroke 1998; 29:1867–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Lui, MHL, Ross, FM, Thompson, DR. Supporting family caregivers in stroke care. A review of the evidence for problem solving. Stroke 2005; 36:2514–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
115Kalra, L, Evans, A, Perez, I et al. Training carers of stroke patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004; 328 (7448):1099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Zemzars, IS. Adjustment to health loss: implications for psychosocial treatment. In: GSE, Milligan ed. Community health care for chronic physical illness: issues and models. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1994.Google Scholar
117Orrell, M and Hancock, G. The Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly (CANE). London: Gaskell, 2004.Google Scholar
118Philp, I. 2000. EASY-Care: A systematic approach to the assessment of older people. Geriatr Med 2000; 30:1519.Google Scholar
119Carpenter, GI, Francis, S, Roberts, S, Wayman, C. InterRai UK MDS home care assessment instrument for community care. Users' manual. InterRAI UK, 2002.Google Scholar
120Clifford, PI. The FACE Recording and Measurement System: A scientific approach to person-based information. Bull Menninger Clin 1999; 63:305–31.Google ScholarPubMed
121Department of Health. National Service Framework for Older People. London: Department of Health, 2001.Google Scholar
122Murray, J, Forster, A, Young, J. Survey to investigate the role of the Community Stroke Care Co-ordinator. Br J Comm Nurs 2008; 13:3136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123Nir, Z, Zolotogrorsky, Z, Sugarman, H. Structured nursing intervention versus routine rehabilitation after stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 83:522–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Burton, C and Gibbon, B. Expanding the role of the stroke nurse: a pragmatic clinical trial. J Adv Nurs 2005; 52:640–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125Allen, K, Hazelett, S, Farjoura, D, Wright, K, Clough, L, Weinhardt, F. Improving stroke outcomes: implementation of a post-discharge care management model. JCOM 2004; 11:707–14.Google Scholar
126Murray, J, Young, J, Forster, A, Herbert, G, Ashworth, R. Feasibility study of a primary care model for stroke aftercare. Brit J Gen Pract 2006; 56:775–80.Google ScholarPubMed
127Ward, MC, Higgs, P. Psychological aspects of adjusting to disability in older people. Rev Clin Gerontol 1998; 8:251–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
128Outpatient Service Trialists. Rehabilitation therapy services for stroke patients living at home: systematic review of randomised trials. Lancet 2004; 363:352–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129Walker, MF; Leonardi-Bee, J, Bath, P et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of community occupational therapy for stroke patients. Stroke 2004; 35:2226–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Stroke Liaison Worker Trialists Collaboration. Stroke liaison workers for patients and carers (systematic review). 16th European Stroke Conference, Glasgow, May 2007.Google Scholar