Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-27T20:03:16.721Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Balance evaluation, training and rehabilitation of frail fallers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Ming-Hsia Hu  and
Marjorie H Woollacott
Ming-Hsia Hu*
Affiliation:
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Marjorie H Woollacott
Affiliation:
University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
*
School of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7 Chun-Shan S Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100, Republic of China.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Rehabilitation
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , February 1996 , pp. 85 - 99
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Tinetti, ME, Speechley, M, Ginter, SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1701–07.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Lord, SR, Ward, JA, Williams, P, Anstey, KJ. Physiological factors associated with falls in older community-dwelling women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 1110–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Reinsch, S, MacRae, P, Lachenbruch, PA, Tobis, JS. Why do healthy older adults fall? Behavioral and environmental risks. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr 1992; 11: 1–15.Google Scholar
4Lipisitz, LA, Jonsson, PV, Kelley, MM, Koestner, JS. Causes and correlates of recurrent falls in ambulatory frail elderly. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1991; 46: M114–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Ory, MG, Schechtman, KB, Miller, JP et al. Frailty and injuries in later life: the FICSIT trials. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 283–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Baloh, RW, Fife, TD, Zwerling, L et al. Comparison of static and dynamic posturography in young and older normal people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 405–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Heitmann, DK, Gossman, MR, Shaddeau, SA, Jackson, JR. Balance performance and step width in noninstitutionalized, elderly, female fallers and nonfallers. Phys Ther 1989; 69: 923–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Chandler, JM, Duncan, PW, Studenski, SA. Balance performance on the postural stress test: comparison of young adults, healthy elderly, and fallers. Phys Ther 1990; 70: 410–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Anacker, SL, DiFabio, RP, Influence of sensory inputs on standing balance in community-dwelling elders with a recent history of falling. Phys Ther 1992; 72: 575–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Gehlsen, GM, Whaley, MH. Falls in the elderly. Part II: Balance, strength, and flexibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 739–41.Google ScholarPubMed
11Whipple, RH, Wolfson, LI, Amerman, PM. The relationship of knee and ankle weakness to falls in nursing home residents: an isokinetic study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 13–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12MacRae, PG, Lacourse, M, Moldavon, R. Physical performance measures that predict faller status in community-dwelling older adults. J Sport Phys Ther 1992; 16: 123–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Shumway-Cook, A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: theory and practical applications. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.Google Scholar
14Nashner, LM. Practical biomechanics and physiology of balance. In Jacobson, GP, Newman, CW, Kartush, GM eds. Handbook of balance function testing. Baltimore: Mosby, 1993: 261–79.Google Scholar
15Alexander, NB. Postural control in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 93–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Tinetti, ME, Ginter, SF. Identifying mobility dysfunctions in elderly patients. JAMA 1988; 259: 1190–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Lord, SR, McLean, D, Stathers, G. Physiological factors associated with injurious falls in older people living in the community. Gerontology 1992; 38: 338–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Kolanowski, AM. The clinical importance of environmental lighting to the elderly. J Gerontol Nurs 1992; 18: 10–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Duncan, G, Wilson, JA, MacLennan, WJ, Lewis, S. Clinical correlates of sway in elderly people living at home. Gerontology 1992; 38: 160–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Do, MC, Bussel, B, Breniere, Y. Influence of plantar cutaneous afferents on early compensatory reactions to forward fall. Exp Brain Res 1990; 79: 319–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Brocklehurst, JC, Robertson, D, James-Groom, P. Clinical correlates of sway in old age-sensory modalities. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Rosenhall, U. Degenerative patterns in the aging human vestibular neuepithelia. Acta Otolaryngol 1973; 76: 208–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Richter, E. Quantitative study of human Scarpa's ganglion and vestibular sensory epithelia. Acta Otolaryngol 1980; 90: 199–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Horak, FB. Role of the vestibular system in postural control. In: Herdman, SJ, ed. Vestibular rehabilitation. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1994: 22–46.Google Scholar
25Woollacott, MH, Shumway-Cook, A, Nashner, LM. Aging and posture control: changes in sensory organization and muscular coordination. Int l J Aging Hum Dev 1986; 23: 97–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Peterka, RJ, Black, FO. Age-related changes in human posture control: sensory organization tests. J Vestib Res 1990; 1: 73–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Rice, CL, Cunningham, DA, Paterson, DH, Rechnitzer, PA. Strength in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 391–97.Google Scholar
28Nashner, LM. Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance. Exp Brain Res 1977; 30: 13–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Horak, FB, Nashner, LM. Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol 1986; 55: 1369–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Hu, M-H, Woollacott, MH. Neck and trunk muscle responses to platform perturbations in older adults. In: Brandt, T, Paulus, W, Bles, W, Dieterich, M, Krafczyk, S, Straube, A eds. Disorders of posture and gait, 1990. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1990: 257–60.Google Scholar
31Stelmach, GE, Phillips, J, DiFabio, RP, Teasdale, N. Age, functional postural reflexes, and voluntary sway. J Gerontol: Biol Sci 1989; 44: B100–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Keshner, EA, Allum, JHJ, Honegger, F. Predictors of less stable postural responses to support surface rotations in healthy human elderly. J Vestib Res 1993; 3: 419–29.Google ScholarPubMed
33Manchester, D, Woollacott, M, Zederbauer-Hylton, N, Marin, O. Visual, vestibular and somatosensory contributions to balance control in the older adult. J Gerontol:Med Sci 1989; 44: M118–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Wolfson, LI, Whipple, R, Amerman, P, Kleinberg, A. Stressing the postural response – a quantitative method for testing balance. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 845–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Nashner, LM. Computerized dynamic posturography. In: Jacobson, GP, Newman, CW, Kartush, JM eds. Handbook of balance function testing. Baltimore: Mosby, 1993: 280–307.Google Scholar
36Whipple, R, Wolfson, L, Derby, C, Singh, D, Tobin, J. Altered sensory function and balance in older persons. J Cerontol 1993; 48: 71–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Shumway-Cook, A, Horak, FB. Assessing the influence of sensory interaction on balance-suggestion from the field. Phys Ther 1986; 66: 1548–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Cohen, H, Blatchly, CA, Gombash, LL. A study of the clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Phys Ther 1993; 73: 346–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Hu, M-H, Lin, H-F. A quantitative analysis of the effect of sensory integration and age on the standing balance in healthy adults. J Phys Ther Assoc Rep China 1994; 19: 66–77.Google Scholar
40McCollum, G, Leen, TK. Form and exploration of mechanical stability limits in erect stance. J Motor Behav 1989; 21: 225–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Horak, FB, Shupert, CL, Mirka, A. Components of postural dyscontrol in the elderly: a review. Neurobiol Aging 1989; 10: 727–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Lin, H-F, Hu, M-H. Age-related changes in dynamic balance in healthy adults. J Phys Ther Assoc Rep China 1995; 20: 81–90.Google Scholar
43Alexander, NB, Shepard, N, Gu, MJ, Schultz, A. Postural control in young and elderly adults when stance is perturbed: kinematics. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1992; 47: M79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Duncan, PW, Studenski, S, Chandler, J, Prescott, B. Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1992; 47: M93–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45Weiner, DK, Bongiorni, DR, Studenski, SA, Duncan, PW, Kochersberger, GG. Does functional reach improve with rehabilitation? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 796–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Maki, BE, Holliday, PJ, Topper, AK. Fear of falling and postural performance in the elderly. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1991; 46: M123–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Franzoni, S, Rozzini, R, Boffelli, S, Frisoni, GB, Trabucchi, M. Fear of falling in nursing home patients. Gerontology 1994; 40: 38–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Ringsberg, K, Johnell, O, Obrant, K. Balance and speed of walking of women with Colles' fractures. Physiotherapy 1993; 79: 689–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Lichtenstein, MJ, Burger, MC, Shields, SL, Shiavi, RG. Comparison of biomechanics platform measures of balance and videotaped measures of gait with a clinical mobility scale in elderly women. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1990; 45: M49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Topper, AK, Maki, BE, Holliday, PJ. Are activity-based assessments of balance and gait in the elderly predictive of risk of falling and/or type of fall? J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 479–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Weiner, WJ, Nora, LM, Glantz, RH. Elderly inpatients: postural reflex impairment. Neurology (Cleveland) 1984; 34: 945–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Podsiadlo, D, Richardson, S. The timed ‘up and go’: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53Mathias, S, Nayak, USL, Isaacs, B. Balance in the elderly patient: the ‘get-up-and-go’ test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986; 67: 387–89.Google ScholarPubMed
54Berg, KO, Maki, BE, Williams, JI, Holliday, PJ, Wood-Dauphinee, SL. Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 1073–80.Google Scholar
55Rubenstein, LZ, Robbins, AS, Josephson, KR, Schulman, BL, Osterweil, D. The value of assessing falls in an elderly population: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 308–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56Crilly, RG, Willems, DA, Trenholm, KJ, Hayes, KC, Delaquerriere-Richardson, LFO. Effect of exercise on postural sway in the elderly. Gerontology 1989; 35: 137–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Lichtenstein, MJ, Shields, SL, Shiavi, RG, Burger, C. Exercise and balance in aged women: a pilot controlled clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 138–43.Google ScholarPubMed
58Hu, M-H, Woollacott, MH. Multisensory training of standing balance in older adults: I. Postural stability and one-leg stance balance. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1994; 49: M52–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Hu, M-H, Woollacott, MH. Multisensory training of Standing balance in older adults: II. kinematic and electromyographic postural responses. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1994; 49: M62–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Fiatarone, MA, Marks, EC, Ryan, ND, Meredith, CN, Lipsitz, LA, Evans, WJ. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians – effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA 1990; 263: 3029–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Nelson, ME, Fiatarone, MA, Morganti, CM, Trice, I, Greenberg, RA, Evans, WJ. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. JAMA 1994; 272: 1909–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Judge, JO, Whipple, RH, Wolfson, LI. Effects of resistive and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 937–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Tang, P-F, Moore, S, Woollacott, MH. Relationship between functional mobility and static sensory balance testing in older adults with balance problems. In: Taguchi, K, Igarashi, M, Mori, S eds. Vestibular and neural front. Tokyo: Elsevier, 1994: 143–46.Google Scholar
64Woollacott, MH, Moore, S, Hu, MH. Improvement in the elderly through training in sensory organization abilities. In: Stelmach, GE, Homberg, V eds. Sensorimotor impairment in the elderly. Kluwer, 1993: 377–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65Herdman, SJ. Balance rehabilitation: background, techniques, and usefulness. In: Jacobson, GP, Newman, CW, Kartush, JM eds. Handbook of balance function testing. Baltimore: Mosby, 1993: 392–406.Google Scholar
66Shepard, NT, Telian, SA, Smith-Wheelock, M, Raj, A. Vestibular and balance rehabilitation therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102: 198–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Horak, FB. Balance rehabilitation for vestibular and central neural lesions. In: Taguchi, K, Igarashi, M, Mori, S eds. Vestibular and neural front. Tokyo: Elsevier, 1994: 205–13.Google Scholar
68Smith-Wheelock, M, Shepard, NT, Telian, SA, Boismier. Balance retraining therapy in the elderly. In: Kashima, HK, Goldstein, JC, Lucente, FE eds. Clinical otolaryngologic care of the geriatric patient. Toronto: Marcel Decker, 1992: 71–80.Google Scholar
69Ledin, T, Kronhed, AC, Moller, C, Odkvist, LM, Olsson, B. Effects of balance training in elderly evaluated by clinical tests and dynamic posturography. J Vestib Res 1991; 1: 129–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Lord, SR, Castell, S. Physical activity program for older persons: effect on balance, strength, neuro-muscular control, and reaction time. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994; 75: 648–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71Kirsteins, AE, Dietz, F, Hwang, S-M. Evaluating the safety and potential use of a weight-bearing exercise, Tai-Chi Chuan, for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 70: 136–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Lai, J-S, Wong, M-K, Lan, C, Chong, C-K, Lien, I-N. Cardiorespiratory responses of Tai Chi Chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects during cycle ergometry. J Formas Med Assoc 1993; 92: 894–99.Google ScholarPubMed
73Tse, S-K, Bailey, DM. T'ai Chi and postural control in the well elderly. Am J Occup Ther 1992; 46: 295–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Judge, JO, Lindsey, C, Underwood, M, Winsemius, D. Balance improvements in older women: effects of exercise training. Phys Ther 1993; 73: 254–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Judge, JO, Underwood, M, Gennosa, T. Exercise to improve gait velocity in older persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 400–406.Google ScholarPubMed
76Wolf, SL, Kutner, NG, Green, RC, McNeely, E. The Atlanta FICSIT study: two exercise interventions to reduce frailty in elders. J Am Ceriatr Soc 1993; 41: 329–32.Google ScholarPubMed
77Province, MA, Hadley, EC, Hornbrook, MC et al. . The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. JAMA 1995; 273: 1341–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Shumway-Cook, A, Anson, D, Haller, S. Postural sway biofeedback: its effect on re-establishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 395–400.Google Scholar
79Sackley, CM, Baguley, BI, Gent, S, Hodgson, P. The use of a balance performance monitor in the treatment of weight-bearing and weight-transference problems after stroke. Physiotherapy 1992; 78: 907–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80Winstein, CJ, Gardner, ER, McNeal, DR, Barto, PS, Nicholson, DE. Standing balance training: effect on balance and locomotion in hemiparetic adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 755–62.Google ScholarPubMed
81Owen, DH. Maintaining posture and avoiding tripping – optical information for detecting and controlling orientation and locomotion. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1: 581–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Campbell, AJ, Spears, GFS, Borrie, MJ, Fitzgerald, JL. Falls, elderly women and the cold. Gerontology 1988; 34: 205–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Simpson, JM. Elderly people at risk of falling: do they want to be taught how to get up again? Clin Rehabil 1995; 9: 65–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84Tideiksaar, R. Falls in older persons. In: Spivack, BS ed. Evaluation and management of gait disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995: 243–66.Google Scholar
85Robbins, S, Gouw, GJ, McClaran, J. Shoe sole thickness and hardness influence balance in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 1089–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Robbins, S, Waked, E, McClaran, J. Proprioception and stability: foot position awareness as a function of age and footwear. Age Ageing 1995; 24: 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Sattin, RW, Huber, DAL, DeVito, CA et al. The incidence of fall injury events among the elderly in a defined population. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 1028–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar