Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-24T20:52:20.835Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Polymyalgica rheumatica and giant cell arteritis

Part of: Bespoke shallow archive Weizmann

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2008

H A Bird  and
Helen Mac Iver
H A Bird*
Affiliation:
University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.
Helen Mac Iver
Affiliation:
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, U.K.
*
Address for correspondence: Professor Howard Bird, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis are closely related conditions, considered by many to represent opposite poles of a single disease spectrum. They can occur together or separately.

Polymyalgia rheumatica is characterized by pain and morning stiffness in the shoulder girdle and sometimes the pelvic girdle. The symptoms are felt to be related to synovitis of proximal joints and extra-articular synovial structures. Giant cell arteritis displays a frank vasculitis affecting the regions supplied by the temporal artery to give visual loss and scalp tenderness but is increasingly recognized to also affect the aorta and its extra-cranial branches. For this reason the term ‘giant cell arteritis’, which is descriptive of the pathology, is used instead of the alternative term ‘temporal arteritis’, which gives a misleading impression of localization but which was the term used in previous reviews for this journal, the most recent in 2003.

Type
Clinical geriatrics
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , May 2008 , pp. 91 - 101
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Bird, HA. Polymyalgia rheumatica. Rev Clin Gerontol 2003; 13: 129–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Barber, HS. Myalgic syndrome with constitutional effects; polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 1957; 16: 230–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Hutchinson, J. On a peculiar form of thrombotic arteritis of the aged which is sometimes productive of gangrene. Arch Surg 1890; 1: 323–29.Google Scholar
4Paulley, JW, Hughes, JP. Giant cell arteritis or arteritis of the aged. BMJ 1960; 2: 1562–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Bird, HA, Esselinckx, W, Dixon, AStJ, Mowat, AG, Wood, PHN. An evaluation of criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 1979; 38: 434–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Chuang, T, Hunder, GG, Ilstrup, DM, Kurland, LT. Polymyalgia rheumatica: a 10-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 672–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Healey, LA. Long-term follow-up of polymyalgia rheumatica: Evidence for synovitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1984: 13: 322–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Jones, JG, Hazleman, BL. Prognosis and management of polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 1981; 40: 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Nobunaga, M, Yoshioka, K, Yasuada, M, Shingu, M. Clinical studies of polymyalgia rheumatica: a proposal of diagnostic criteria. Jpn J Med 1989; 28: 452–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Bird, HA, Leeb, BF, Montecucco, CM et al. A comparison of the sensitivity of diagnosistic criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 626–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Hunder, GG, Bloch, DA, Michel, BA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1122–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Rao, JK, Allen, NB, Pincus, T. Limitations of the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria in the diagnosis of vasculitis. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 345–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Leeb, BF, Bird, HA, Nesher, G, et al. EULAR response criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: results of an initiative of the European Collaborating Polymyalgia Rheumatica Group (subcommittee of ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 1189–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Leeb, BF, Bird, HA. A disease activity score for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 1279–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Mowat, AG, Hazleman, BL. Polymyalgia rheumatica – a clinical study with particular reference to arterial disease. J Rheumatol 1974; 1: 190–202.Google ScholarPubMed
16Salvarani, C, Macchioni, PL, Tartoni, PL et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a 5-year epidemiologic and clinical study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1987; 5: 205–15.Google ScholarPubMed
17Salvarani, C, Contini, F, Hunder, GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Lancet 2008; 372: 23445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Fauchald, P, Rygvold, O, Oystese, B. Temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Clinical and biopsy findings. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77: 845–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Allison, MC. Temporal artery biopsy. BMJ 1988; 297: 933–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Salvarani, C, Gabriel, SE, Gertz, MA, Bjornsson, J, Li, C-Y, Hunder, GG. Primary systemic amyloidosis presenting as giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1621–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Mertens, JCC, Willemsen, G, van Saase, JLCM, Bolk, JH, Dijkmans, BAC. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a retrospective study of 111 patients. Clin Rheumatol 1995; 14: 650–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Myklebust, G, Gran, JT. A prospective study of 287 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: clinical and laboratory manifestations at onset of disease and at the time of diagnosis. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 1161–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Elling, P, Olsson, AT, Elling, H. Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; associations with epidemics of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 112–19.Google ScholarPubMed
24Buch, M, Bird, HA. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. In: Snaith, Michael ed. ABC of Rheumatology. London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2004; p.75–79.Google Scholar
25Bongartz, T, Matteson, EL. Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006; 18: 10–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Le Hello, C, Lévesque, H, Jeanton, M et al. Lower limb GCA and TA: Followup of 8 Cases. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 1407–12.Google ScholarPubMed
27Gonzalez-Gay, MA, Garcia-Porrua, C, Piñeiro, A, Pego-Reigosa, R, Llorca, J, Hunder, GG. Aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis from Northwestern Spain: a population-based study. Medicine 2004; 83: 335–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Caselli, RJ, Hunder, GG, Whisnant, JP. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology 1988; 38: 352–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Hantzschel, H, Bird, HA, Seidel, W et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis of the elderly: a clinical, laboratory and scintigraphic comparison. Ann Rheum Dis 1991; 50: 619–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Kassimos, D, Kirwan, JR, Kyle, V, Hazleman, B, Dieppe, P. Cytidine deaminase may be a useful marker in differentiating elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis from polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995; 13: 641–44.Google ScholarPubMed
31Pease, CT, Haugeberg, G, Bhakta, B. Clinical features in patients presenting as elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 62: 319–25.Google Scholar
32Pease, CT, Bhakta, BB, Devlin, J, Emery, P. Does the age of onset of rheumatoid arthritis influence phenotype? Rheumatol 1999; 38: 228–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Gran, JT, Myklebust, G. The incidence and clinical characteristics of peripheral arthritis in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a prospective study of 231 cases. Rheumatol 2000; 39: 283–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Caporali, R, Montecucco, C, Epis, O, Bobbio-Pallavicini, F, Maio, T, Cimmino, MA. Presenting features of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and rheumatoid arthritis with PMR-like onset: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 1021–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Cantini, F, Salvarani, C, Olivieri, I et al. Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting oedema (RS3PE) syndrome: a prospective follow up and magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58: 230–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Salvarani, C, Crowson, CS, O'Fallon, WM, Hunder, GG, Gabriel, SE. Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a fifty-year period. Arthritis Care Res 2004; 51: 264–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Chaudhry, IA, Shamsi, FA, Elzaridi, E, Arat, YO, Bosley, TM, Riley, FC. Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in an Arab population: a 22-year study. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 715–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Kobayashi, S, Yano, T, Matsumoto, Y et al. Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis from a nationwide survey in 1998 in Japan: the first government-supported nationwide survey. Arthritis Care Res 2003; 49: 594–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Uddhammar, A, Nilsson Sojka, B, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist, S. HLA antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica in Northern Sweden. Clin Rheumatol 1996; 15: 486–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Haworth, S, Ridgeway, J, Stewart, I, Dyer, PA, Pepper, L, Ollier, W. Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with both HLA-DRB1*0401 and DRB1*0404. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 632–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Meliconi, R, Pulsatelli, L, Uguccioni, M et al. Leukocyte infiltration in synovial tissue from the shoulder of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 1199–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Boiardi, L, Salvarani, C, Macchioni, P et al. CD8 lymphocyte subsets in active polymyalgia rheumatica: comparison with elderly-onset and adult rheumatoid arthritis and influence of prednisone therapy. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 642–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Stevens, RJ, Hughes, RA. The aetiopathogenesis of giant cell arteritis. Br J Rheumatol 1995; 34: 960–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Elling, P, Olsson, AT, Elling, H. Reduced CD8+ T-cell concentration in peripheral blood of patients with carotid artery stenosis: relation to arteritis temporalis. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 649–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Martinez-Taboada, V, Brack, A, Hunder, GG, Goronzy, JJ, Weyand, CM. The inflammatory infiltrate in giant cell arteritis selects against B lymphocytes. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1011–14.Google ScholarPubMed
46Sorbi, D, French, DL, Nuovo, GJ, Kew, RR, Arbeit, LA, Gruber, BL. Elevated levels of 95 kd type IV collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 9) in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 1747–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47Weyand, CM, Tetzlaff, N, Bjornsson, J, Brack, A, Younge, B, Goronzy, JJ. Disease patterns and tissue cytokine profiles in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 19–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Weyand, CM, Goronzy, JJ. Medium- and large-vessel vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 160–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Weyand, CM, Wei, M-K, Pryshchep, O, Gröschel, S, Bernardino, R, Goronzy, JJ. Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1062: 195–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Uddhammar, A, Sundqvist, K-G, Ellis, B, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist, S. Cytokines and adhesion molecules in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 766–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Ruiz, F, Lopez-Hoyos, M, Marta, C, et al. Interleukin-12 in patients with giant cell arteritis; circulating levels and influence of genetic polymorphism. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67 (suppl II): 221.Google Scholar
52O'Duffy, JD, Wahner, HW, Hunder, GG. Joint imaging in polymyalgia rheumatica. Mayo Clin Proc 1976; 51: 519–24.Google ScholarPubMed
53Cantini, F, Salvarani, C, Olivieri, I et al. Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of PMR: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 1049–55.Google ScholarPubMed
54Blockmans, D, De Ceuninck, L, Vanderschueren, S, Knockaert, D, Mortelmans, L, Bobbaers, J. Repetitive 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study in 35 patients. Rheumatol 2007; 46: 672–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Salvarani, C, Silingardi, M, Ghirarduzzi, A et al. Is duplex ultrasonography useful for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis? Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 232–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Bley, TA, Weiben, O, Uhl, P et al. Assessment of the cranial involvement pattern of giant cell arteritis with 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2470–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Stanson, AW. Imaging findings in extracranial (giant cell) temporal arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000; 18 (suppl 20): S43–S48.Google ScholarPubMed
58Blockmans, D, de Ceuninck, L, Vanderschueren, S, Knockaert, D, Mortelmans, L, Bobbaers, H. Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis Care Res 2006; 55: 131–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Proven, A, Gabriel, SE, Orces, C, O'Fallon, WM, Hunder, GG. Glucocorticoid therapy in giant cell arteritis: Duration and adverse outcomes. Arthritis Care Res 2003; 49: 703–08.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Royal College of Physicians. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Guidelines for prevention and treatment. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2002.Google Scholar
61Taggart, AJ, Astbury, C, Dixon, JS, Bird, HA. Prednisolone pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and asthma. Clin Rheumatol 1986; 5: 327–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62De Silva, M, Hazleman, BL. Azathioprine in giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-blind study. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45: 136–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Fienberg, HL, Sherman, JD, Schrepferman, CG, Dietzen, CJ, Fienberg, GD. The use of methotrexate in polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1550–52.Google Scholar
64Van Der Veen, MJ, Dinant, HJ, van Booma-Frankfort, C, van Albada-Kuipers, GA, Bijlsma, JWJ. Can methotrexate be used as a steroid-sparing agent in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis? Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55: 218–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Caporali, R, Cimmino, MA, Ferraccioli, G et al. Prednisone plus methotrexate for polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 493–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Cantini, F, Niccoli, L, Salvarani, C, Padula, A, Olivieri, I. Treatment of longstanding active giant cell arteritis with infliximab: report of four cases. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 2933–35.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Salvarani, C, Cantini, F, Olivieri, I et al. Treatment of longstanding active polymyalgia rheumatica with infliximab: report of four cases. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61 (suppl 1): 375–76.Google Scholar
68Tan, AL, Holdsworth, J, Pease, C, Emery, P, McGonagle, D. Successful treatment of resistant giant cell arteritis with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 373–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Hoffman, GS, Cid, MC, Rendt-Zagar, KE et al. Infliximab for maintenance of glucocorticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 621–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Salvarani, C, Macchioni, PL, Manzini, C et al. Infliximab plus prednisone or placebo plus prednisone for the initial treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 631–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Littman, BH, Bjarnason, D, Bryant, G et al. Steroid-sparing activity of tenidap in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: a multicentre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 109703Google Scholar
72Strand, V, Yazici, Y. Interleukin-6 inhibition – tolerability profile and clinical implications. Bull NYU Hosp JT Dis 2007; 65 (suppl 1): S21–S24.Google ScholarPubMed
73Davis, PM, Nadler, SG, Stetsko, DK, Suchard, SJ. Abatacept modulates human dendritic cell-stimulated T-cell proliferation and effector function independent of IDO induction. Clin Immunol 2008; 126: 3847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed