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¹⁴ ‘Abud, Salam, Thaqafat al-’Unf fi al-Iraq, p. 249.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Zangane, Hayfaa, Nisaa ‘ala Safr (London: Dar al-Hikma, 2001)Google Scholar. Born in Baghdad, Zangane defines herself as an Iraqi and thus should not be defined as a Kurd writing in Arabic.

²⁹ Halawi, Jinan Jassim, Amakin Hara (Beirut: Dar al-Adab, 2006).Google Scholar

³⁰ Halawi, Jinan Jassim, Layl al-Bilad.Google Scholar

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³⁶ Ibid, p. 172.

³⁷ Ibid, pp. 178–179.

³⁸ Ibid, p. 194.

³⁹ Ibid, p. 188.

⁴⁰ For a good introduction to the Kurdish novel, read Hashem Ahmadzadeh, Nation and Novel: A Study of Persian and Kurdish Narrative Discourse (Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis, 2003). This book is more concerned with a comparison between the Kurdish novel and the Persian novel, but some of its conclusions are applicable to the Iraqi context. Such is the dissimilarity between a state-based and a state-oriented novel—the Arab novel in Iraq—and the stateless and nation-oriented Kurdish novel. According to Ahmadzadeh, the Kurdish novel is a recent phenomenon, dating from the last decades of the twentieth century. The most famous Kurdish writer who writes in Arabic is Salim Barakat from Syria. Since he is not an Iraqi, I will not discuss his novels here.

⁴¹ al-Ayubi, Azad, Efin wa Intuthar al-Fajr (‘Amman: al-Ahliyya, 2004).Google Scholar

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