The notion of an oxytocic principle residing within the ovary is not new. In as early as 1910, Ott and Scott showed that an extract of bovine corpus luteum could induce milk letdown and uterine contraction. However, it took a further 70 years before the identification of this principle with the nonapeptide hormone oxytocin (OT) was made at the peptide and mRNA levels. This was followed by the identification of the peptide in ovarian tissues and ovarian venous blood from a wide variety of species, including humans, monkeys, pigs and ruminants (reviewed in 7, 8). For the majority of non-ruminant species the levels of expression of the peptide and its specific mRNA are relatively low, implying that whatever function the ovarian hormone has in these species, it is most likely to be at the local, paracrine level. Ruminants are an exception. Cows and sheep both produce very high levels of OT and OT-mRNA – the latter attaining concentrations of approximately 1% of all transcripts – within the corpus luteum of the early oestrous cycle. In ruminants, evolution has culminated in a systemic link between ovarian OT production and OT receptors in the endometrium of the uterus, inducing there the production of prostaglandin-F2∞ (PGF2∞) which completes a positive feedback loop to the ovary by stimulating further OT release (reviewed in 10). It is important to note, however, that natural selection can only act on a preexisting system. In this case, it has developed a systemic endocrine pathway in ruminants from a local ovarian OT system present probably in all mammals. There is even evidence for OT-related peptides, such as mesotocin and vasotocin, within the ovaries of marsupials and chicken, though their function is not known.