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A Hydra in the Gardens of Adonis: Literary Allusion and the Language of Humanism in Egidio of Viterbo (1469-1532)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Daniel J. Nodes
Daniel J. Nodes*
Affiliation:
Ave Maria University, Naples, FL
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Abstract

Egidio of Viterbo's Sentences-Commentary ad mentem Platonis blends scholastic theological argumentation with the poetic theology of Ficinian Platonism. This essay examines Egidio's application of myths drawn mainly from the Platonic dialogues to residual questions, after he successfully addressed the question of divine generation. The allusions do not just embellish, but embody the fundamental theological truth as revealed in scripture and tradition. Egidio incorporates philosophical humanism and the literary sensibilities of his age into the Sentences- Commentary genre.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 57 , Issue 2 , Summer 2004 , pp. 494 - 517
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 Renaissance Society of America

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Footnotes

*

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the twenty-third Congresso Internazionale di Studi Umanistici Piceni, held 3-6 July 2002 in Sassoferrato, Italy. The author is grateful to the friends and colleagues who offered invariably helpful suggestions, especially Marianne Pade, Jean-Louis Charlet, Johann Ramminger, and John O'Malley.

References

Bibliography

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Egidio of Viterbo (Aegidius Viterbiensis). “Cardinalis Aegidii Viterbiensis Sententiarum liber primus usque ad XVIII distinctionem ad mentem Platonis.“ Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Vitt. Em. III , XIV H 71, 1-411. Massa, 1954,49-50.Google Scholar
Egidio of Viterbo (Aegidius Viterbiensis). “Aegidii Viterbiensis, S.R.E. Cardinalis, Primus Sententiarum ad mentem Platonis.” Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Lat. 6325, fols. lr-233v. Massa, 1954, 49.Google Scholar
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Allen, Don Cameron. Mysteriously Meant: The Rediscovery of Pagan Symbolism and Allegorical Interpretation in the Renaissance. Baltimore, 1970.Google Scholar
Allen, Judson Boyce. “The Allegorized Mythography of Joannes Caldiera.” In Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Bononiensis, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, Bologna, 1979, ed. Schoeck, R. J., 390-98. Binghamton, 1985.Google Scholar
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Boccaccio, Giovanni. Cebes’ Tablet: Facsimiles of the Greek Text, and of Selected Latin, French, English, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, and Polish Translations. New York, 1979.Google Scholar
Dahms, John V. “The Generation of the Son.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 32 (1989): 493–501.Google Scholar
Deramaix, Marc. “La Genese du De partu virginis de Jacopo Sannazaro et trois Églogues inédites de Gilles de Viterbe.“ Mélanges de I'école francaise de Rome, Moyen Âge 102 (1990-91): 173–276.Google Scholar
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Jedin, H. “Die romischen Augustiner- Quellen zu Luthers Friihzeit,” Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte 25 (1928): 266-69.Google Scholar
Jiirgen-Horn, Hans, and Walter, Hermann. Die Allegorese des antiken Mythos. Wiesbaden, 1997.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul Oskar. “Florentine Platonism and Its Relations with Humanism and Scholasticism.“ Church History 8 (1939): 201–11.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul Oskar. Iter Italicum, A Finding List ofUncataloged or Incompletely Catalogued Humanistic Manuscripts of the Renaissance in Italian and Other Libraries. 6 vols. London and Leiden, 1963-92.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. Aeneis: Lamherti Hortensii Montfortii Enarrationes …in XII libros P. Virgilii Maronis Aeneidos; His accessit Nascimbaeni Nascimbaenii, in priorem P. Virgilii Maronis epopoeiae partem, id est, in sex primos Aeneidos libros … explanatio… Adiecimus etiam Christophori Landini Allegorias Platonicas, in XII libros Aeneidos. Basel, 1577.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. De vera nobilitate. Ed. Lentzen, Manfred. Geneva, 1970.Google Scholar
Leo, I. “Tractatus 28.” In Sancti Leonis Magni romani pontificis tractatus septem et nonaginta, ed. Chavasse, Antoine, 139-45. Turnhout, 1973.Google Scholar
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius. Commentary on the Dream ofScipio. Trans. William Harris Stahl. New York, 1952.Google Scholar
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, . Saturnalia. Ed. Willis, Jacob. Leipzig, 1963.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X. “The Problem of Giles of Viterbo: A Historiographical Survey.“ Augustiniana 9 (1959): 357-79; 10 (1960): 43–60.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X.. “The Writings of Giles of Viterbo.“ Augustiniana 18 (1979): 141-93.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X.. “Giles of Viterbo as Scripture Scholar.” In Egidio da Viterbo, O.S.A. e il Suo Tempo: Atti deo V Convegno dell'Istituto Storico Agostiniano, 191–221. Rome, 1983.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X.. Friar, Reformer, and Renaissance Scholar: Life and Work of Giles of Viterbo 1469-1532. Villanova, PA, 1992.Google Scholar
Massa, Eugenio. “Egidio da Viterbo e la metodologia del sapere nel Cinquecento.“ In Pensée humaniste et tradition chretienne, ed. Bedarida, H., 185-239. Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Massa, Eugenio. “L'Anima e l'Uomo in Egidio da Viterbo e nelle fonti classiche e medioevali.“ In Testi umanistici ineditisulDe Anima, 37–86. Padua, 1951.Google Scholar
Massa, Eugenio. Ifondamenti metafisici della ‘dignitas hominis,’ e testi inediti di Egidio da Viterbo. Turin, 1954.Google Scholar
Mazzocco, Angelo. Linguistic theories in Dante and the Humanists: Studies of Language and Intellectual History in late Medieval and early Renaissance Italy. New York, 1993.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J. “Humanism in the Commentary admentem Platonis of Giles of Viterbo.” Augustiniana 45 (1995): 285-98.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J.. “Homeric Allegory in Egidio of Viterbo's Reflections on the Human Soul.” Recherches de th´ologie et philosophic midie'vales 65 (1998): 320-32.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J.. “Dual Processions of the Holy Spirit: Development of a Theological Tradition.” Scottish Journal of Theology 52 (1999): 1–18.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J.. “Scholasticism and New Philology: Giles of Viterbo, O.E.S.A. (1469-1532) on Divine Generation.“ Traditio 57 (2002): 317-40.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. “Giles of Viterbo: A Reformer's Thought on Renaissance Rome.” Renaissance Quarterly 20 (1967a): 1–11.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Historical Thought and the Reform Crisis of the Early Sixteenth Century.” Theological Studies 28 (1967b): 531-48.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. Giles of Viterbo on Church and Reform: A Study in Renaissance Thought. Leiden, 1968.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Fulfillment of the Christian Golden Age under Pope Julius II: Text of a Discourse of Giles of Viterbo, 1507.” Traditio 25 (1969): 265-338.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Man's Dignity, God's Love, and the Destiny of Rome.” Viator 3 (1972): 389–416.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Egidio da Viterbo and Renaissance Rome.” In Egidio da Viterbo, O.S.A. e USuo Tempo: Atti deo VConvegno dell'Istituto Storico Agostiniano, 67–84. Rome, 1983.Google Scholar
Ozment, Steven. The Age of Reform: 1250-1500. New Haven, 1980.Google Scholar
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Lombard, Peter. Magistri Petri Lombardi Parisiensis Episcopi Sententiae in IV libris Distinctae. 3rd ed. 3 vols. Grottaferrata, 1971-81.Google Scholar
Pinilla, Ignacio Garcia, J., and Herraiz Pareja, Arcos J.. Laurentii Vallae Elegantiarum concordantiae. Hildesheim, 1997.Google Scholar
Plato, . Euthydemus. Trans. W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, MA and London, 1962.Google Scholar
Plato, . Phaedrus. Trans. Harold North Fowler. Cambridge, MA and London, 1966.Google Scholar
Plutarch, . Moralia, De sera numinis vindicta. Ed. and trans. Philip de Lacey and Benedict Einarson. Cambridge, MA, 1967.Google Scholar
Quillen, Carol E. Rereading the Renaissance: Petrarch, Augustine, and the Language of Humanism. Ann Arbor, 1998.Google Scholar
Rizzo, Silvia. II lessico degli umanisti. Rome, 1984.Google Scholar
Salutati, Coluccio. De laboribus Herculis. Ed. Ullman, B.L.. Zurich, 1951.Google Scholar
Secret, Francois. “Egidio da Viterbo et quelques-uns de ses contemporains.“ Augustiniana 16 (1966): 71–385.Google Scholar
Seznec, Jean. The Survival of the Pagan Gods. Trans. Barbara Sessions. New York, 1953.Google Scholar
Signorelli, Giuseppe. Il Cardinale Egidio da Viterbo, agostiniano, umanista e riformatore, 1469-1532. Florence, 1929.Google Scholar
Sparn, Walter. “Hercules Christianus.” In Mythographie derfriihen Neuzeit: ihre Anwendung in den Kunsten, ed. Killy, Walter, 73–107. Wiesbaden, 1984.Google Scholar
Stevens, H. J. “Lorenzo Valla and Isidore of Seville.” Traditio 31 (1975): 343-48.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum. Ed. Mandonnet, R.P. and Moos, M. F.. 4 vols. Paris, 1929-47.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, Charles. “Lorenzo Valla on the Problem of Speaking about the Trinity.“ Journal of the History of Ideas 57 (1996): 27–53.Google Scholar
Valla, Lorenzo. Laurentii Vallae De linguae Latinae elegantia libri sex. Ed. Hall, Edward. 1688. Reprint, Cambridge and Ann Arbor, 1985.Google Scholar
Witt, Ronald G. “In the Footsteps of the Ancients“: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Leiden, 2000.Google Scholar
Zumkeller, A. Manuskripte von Werken der Autoren des Augustiner-Eremitenordens in mittel-europdischen Bibliotheken. Wurzburg, 1966.Google Scholar
Egidio of Viterbo (Aegidius Viterbiensis). “Aegidii Viterbiensis Sententiarum liber primus usque ad XVII distinctionem ad mentem Platonis.” Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Vitt. Em. III, VIII F 8, fols. lr-277r. Massa, 1954, 49.Google Scholar
Egidio of Viterbo (Aegidius Viterbiensis). “Cardinalis Aegidii Viterbiensis Sententiarum liber primus usque ad XVIII distinctionem ad mentem Platonis.“ Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Vitt. Em. III , XIV H 71, 1-411. Massa, 1954,49-50.Google Scholar
Egidio of Viterbo (Aegidius Viterbiensis). “Aegidii Viterbiensis, S.R.E. Cardinalis, Primus Sententiarum ad mentem Platonis.” Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Lat. 6325, fols. lr-233v. Massa, 1954, 49.Google Scholar
Egidio of Viterbo (Aegidius Viterbiensis). “Aegidii Viterbiensis Sententiarum liber primus usque ad XVII distinctionem ad mentem Platonis.“ Rome, Biblioteca Angelica 636, fols. lr-233v. Massa, 1954,49.Google Scholar
Egidio of Viterbo (Aegidius Viterbiensis). “Fr. Aegidii Viterbiensis ex ordine Eremiterarum s. Augustini theologi praestantissimi et S. R. E. Cardinalis Commentarium in primum librum Sententiarum ad mentem Platonis.“ Hamburg, Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, philol. 308, 1-425. Kristeller, 1963-92, 3:563. Zumkeller, 1966,49.Google Scholar
Allen, Don Cameron. Mysteriously Meant: The Rediscovery of Pagan Symbolism and Allegorical Interpretation in the Renaissance. Baltimore, 1970.Google Scholar
Allen, Judson Boyce. “The Allegorized Mythography of Joannes Caldiera.” In Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Bononiensis, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, Bologna, 1979, ed. Schoeck, R. J., 390-98. Binghamton, 1985.Google Scholar
Allen, Michael J. B. “Homo ad zodiacum: Marsilio Ficino and the Boethian Hercules.“ In Forma e parola: Studi in memoria di Fredi Chiappelli, 205-21. Rome, 1992. Also in M. J. B. Allen, Plato's Third Eye: Studies in Marsilio Ficino's Metaphysics and Its Sources. Aldershot, UK and Brookfield, VT, 1995.Google Scholar
Black, Robert. Humanism and Education in Medieval and Renaissance Italy: Tradition and Innovation in Latin Schools from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar
Boccaccio, Giovanni. Genealogie deorum gentilium libri. Ed. Romano, Vicenzo. 2 vols. Bari, 1951.Google Scholar
Boccaccio, Giovanni. Cebes’ Tablet: Facsimiles of the Greek Text, and of Selected Latin, French, English, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, and Polish Translations. New York, 1979.Google Scholar
Dahms, John V. “The Generation of the Son.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 32 (1989): 493–501.Google Scholar
Deramaix, Marc. “La Genese du De partu virginis de Jacopo Sannazaro et trois Églogues inédites de Gilles de Viterbe.“ Mélanges de I'école francaise de Rome, Moyen Âge 102 (1990-91): 173–276.Google Scholar
Egidio da Viterbo. Egidio da Viterbo OSA, Lettere Famigliari. Ed. Roth, Anna Maria Voci. 2 vols. Rome, 1990.Google Scholar
Ficino, Marsilio. Opera Omnia. 1576. Reprint, Turin, 1983.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, J. T., and White, L. M.. The Tabula ofCebes. Chico, CA, 1983.Google Scholar
Galinsky, Karl. The Herakles Theme: The Adaptations of the Hero in Literature from Homer to the Twentieth Century. Totowa, NJ, 1972.Google Scholar
Gionta, Daniela. “'Augustinus Dux Meus': La Teologia poetica ‘ad mentem Platonis' di Egidio da Viterbo O.S.A.” In Atti del Congresso Internazionale su S. Agostino nelXVI Centenario della Conversions 3 (1986): 189–201. Rome.Google Scholar
Gionta, Daniela. “Scholastik und Platonismus im Prolog zum Sentenzenkommentar des Aegidius von Viterbo.” Augustiniana 39(1989): 132–53.Google Scholar
Gregory of Rimini. Lectura super Primum et Secundum Sententiarum. Ed. D. Trapp, V. Marcolino et al. 7 vols. Berlin, 1981.Google Scholar
Grendler, Paul F. The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Baltimore, 2002.Google Scholar
Hankins, James. Plato in the Italian Renaissance. 2 vols. Leiden, 1990.Google Scholar
Isidore of Seville. Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi Etymologiarvm sive originvm libri XX. Ed. W. M. Lindsay. 2 vols. 1911. Reprint, Oxford and New York, 1985.Google Scholar
Jedin, H. “Die romischen Augustiner- Quellen zu Luthers Friihzeit,” Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte 25 (1928): 266-69.Google Scholar
Jiirgen-Horn, Hans, and Walter, Hermann. Die Allegorese des antiken Mythos. Wiesbaden, 1997.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul Oskar. “Florentine Platonism and Its Relations with Humanism and Scholasticism.“ Church History 8 (1939): 201–11.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul Oskar. Iter Italicum, A Finding List ofUncataloged or Incompletely Catalogued Humanistic Manuscripts of the Renaissance in Italian and Other Libraries. 6 vols. London and Leiden, 1963-92.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. Aeneis: Lamherti Hortensii Montfortii Enarrationes …in XII libros P. Virgilii Maronis Aeneidos; His accessit Nascimbaeni Nascimbaenii, in priorem P. Virgilii Maronis epopoeiae partem, id est, in sex primos Aeneidos libros … explanatio… Adiecimus etiam Christophori Landini Allegorias Platonicas, in XII libros Aeneidos. Basel, 1577.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. De vera nobilitate. Ed. Lentzen, Manfred. Geneva, 1970.Google Scholar
Leo, I. “Tractatus 28.” In Sancti Leonis Magni romani pontificis tractatus septem et nonaginta, ed. Chavasse, Antoine, 139-45. Turnhout, 1973.Google Scholar
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius. Commentary on the Dream ofScipio. Trans. William Harris Stahl. New York, 1952.Google Scholar
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, . Saturnalia. Ed. Willis, Jacob. Leipzig, 1963.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X. “The Problem of Giles of Viterbo: A Historiographical Survey.“ Augustiniana 9 (1959): 357-79; 10 (1960): 43–60.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X.. “The Writings of Giles of Viterbo.“ Augustiniana 18 (1979): 141-93.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X.. “Giles of Viterbo as Scripture Scholar.” In Egidio da Viterbo, O.S.A. e il Suo Tempo: Atti deo V Convegno dell'Istituto Storico Agostiniano, 191–221. Rome, 1983.Google Scholar
Martin, Francis X.. Friar, Reformer, and Renaissance Scholar: Life and Work of Giles of Viterbo 1469-1532. Villanova, PA, 1992.Google Scholar
Massa, Eugenio. “Egidio da Viterbo e la metodologia del sapere nel Cinquecento.“ In Pensée humaniste et tradition chretienne, ed. Bedarida, H., 185-239. Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Massa, Eugenio. “L'Anima e l'Uomo in Egidio da Viterbo e nelle fonti classiche e medioevali.“ In Testi umanistici ineditisulDe Anima, 37–86. Padua, 1951.Google Scholar
Massa, Eugenio. Ifondamenti metafisici della ‘dignitas hominis,’ e testi inediti di Egidio da Viterbo. Turin, 1954.Google Scholar
Mazzocco, Angelo. Linguistic theories in Dante and the Humanists: Studies of Language and Intellectual History in late Medieval and early Renaissance Italy. New York, 1993.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J. “Humanism in the Commentary admentem Platonis of Giles of Viterbo.” Augustiniana 45 (1995): 285-98.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J.. “Homeric Allegory in Egidio of Viterbo's Reflections on the Human Soul.” Recherches de th´ologie et philosophic midie'vales 65 (1998): 320-32.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J.. “Dual Processions of the Holy Spirit: Development of a Theological Tradition.” Scottish Journal of Theology 52 (1999): 1–18.Google Scholar
Nodes, Daniel, J.. “Scholasticism and New Philology: Giles of Viterbo, O.E.S.A. (1469-1532) on Divine Generation.“ Traditio 57 (2002): 317-40.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. “Giles of Viterbo: A Reformer's Thought on Renaissance Rome.” Renaissance Quarterly 20 (1967a): 1–11.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Historical Thought and the Reform Crisis of the Early Sixteenth Century.” Theological Studies 28 (1967b): 531-48.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. Giles of Viterbo on Church and Reform: A Study in Renaissance Thought. Leiden, 1968.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Fulfillment of the Christian Golden Age under Pope Julius II: Text of a Discourse of Giles of Viterbo, 1507.” Traditio 25 (1969): 265-338.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Man's Dignity, God's Love, and the Destiny of Rome.” Viator 3 (1972): 389–416.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.. “Egidio da Viterbo and Renaissance Rome.” In Egidio da Viterbo, O.S.A. e USuo Tempo: Atti deo VConvegno dell'Istituto Storico Agostiniano, 67–84. Rome, 1983.Google Scholar
Ozment, Steven. The Age of Reform: 1250-1500. New Haven, 1980.Google Scholar
Paquier, Jules. “Un essai de theologie plat tonicienne à la Renaissance: le Commentaire de Gilles de Viterbe sur le premier livre des Sentences.” Recherches de science religieuse 13 (1923): 293-312,419-36. Pepin, Jean. Mythe et allégoric. Les origines grecques et les contestations judeo-chretiennes. Paris, 1976.Google Scholar
Lombard, Peter. Magistri Petri Lombardi Parisiensis Episcopi Sententiae in IV libris Distinctae. 3rd ed. 3 vols. Grottaferrata, 1971-81.Google Scholar
Pinilla, Ignacio Garcia, J., and Herraiz Pareja, Arcos J.. Laurentii Vallae Elegantiarum concordantiae. Hildesheim, 1997.Google Scholar
Plato, . Euthydemus. Trans. W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, MA and London, 1962.Google Scholar
Plato, . Phaedrus. Trans. Harold North Fowler. Cambridge, MA and London, 1966.Google Scholar
Plutarch, . Moralia, De sera numinis vindicta. Ed. and trans. Philip de Lacey and Benedict Einarson. Cambridge, MA, 1967.Google Scholar
Quillen, Carol E. Rereading the Renaissance: Petrarch, Augustine, and the Language of Humanism. Ann Arbor, 1998.Google Scholar
Rizzo, Silvia. II lessico degli umanisti. Rome, 1984.Google Scholar
Salutati, Coluccio. De laboribus Herculis. Ed. Ullman, B.L.. Zurich, 1951.Google Scholar
Secret, Francois. “Egidio da Viterbo et quelques-uns de ses contemporains.“ Augustiniana 16 (1966): 71–385.Google Scholar
Seznec, Jean. The Survival of the Pagan Gods. Trans. Barbara Sessions. New York, 1953.Google Scholar
Signorelli, Giuseppe. Il Cardinale Egidio da Viterbo, agostiniano, umanista e riformatore, 1469-1532. Florence, 1929.Google Scholar
Sparn, Walter. “Hercules Christianus.” In Mythographie derfriihen Neuzeit: ihre Anwendung in den Kunsten, ed. Killy, Walter, 73–107. Wiesbaden, 1984.Google Scholar
Stevens, H. J. “Lorenzo Valla and Isidore of Seville.” Traditio 31 (1975): 343-48.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum. Ed. Mandonnet, R.P. and Moos, M. F.. 4 vols. Paris, 1929-47.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, Charles. “Lorenzo Valla on the Problem of Speaking about the Trinity.“ Journal of the History of Ideas 57 (1996): 27–53.Google Scholar
Valla, Lorenzo. Laurentii Vallae De linguae Latinae elegantia libri sex. Ed. Hall, Edward. 1688. Reprint, Cambridge and Ann Arbor, 1985.Google Scholar
Witt, Ronald G. “In the Footsteps of the Ancients“: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Leiden, 2000.Google Scholar
Zumkeller, A. Manuskripte von Werken der Autoren des Augustiner-Eremitenordens in mittel-europdischen Bibliotheken. Wurzburg, 1966.Google Scholar