Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m8s7h Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T04:08:38.271Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

What doesn't kill me makes me stronger? Post-traumatic growth and the problem of suffering

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2023

Michelle Panchuk*
Affiliation:
Department of English Philosophy, Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA

Abstract

This article argues that the Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) literature does not support the claim, made most notably by Eleonore Stump, that suffering tends to promote psychic integration that allows for interpersonal closeness with God (or others). Two strains of argument support this conclusion. First, there are problems internal to PTG research, identified by psychologists and bioethicists in the field, that call the strength and reliability of the findings into question. Second, even if successful in what it purports to do, the PTG literature does not support the conclusions that Stump draws from it. Finally, given that we live in a culture that both prizes and moralizes positivity, often at the expense of sufferers, applying this research in prescriptive and normative ways inappropriately circumscribes the post-traumatic journeys of trauma survivors. Before turning to these arguments, I begin by briefly describing the long-term suffering that trauma can inflict in the forms of post-traumatic stress disorder and other physical and mental health effects. This section illustrates the challenge that trauma poses for the projects of theodicy and defence and provides the backdrop against which the PTG literature must be read.

Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, Marilyn McCord (1999) Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Anderson, W P and Lopez-Baez, S I (2011) Measuring personal growth attributed to a semester of college life using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Counseling and Values 56, 7382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Elizabeth (2016) The Minority Body: A Theory of Disability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beste, J (2007) God and The Victim: Traumatic Intrusions on Grace and Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brison, S (2002) Aftermath: Violence and the Remaking of the Self. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Calhoun, L (2013) Can Trauma Really be a Gift? HuffPost: The Blog. Available at https://www.huffpost.com/entry/shun-not-the-gift_b_2877308 (accessed 1 June 2023).Google Scholar
Calhoun, L and Tedeschi, RG (1998) Beyond recovery from trauma: implications for clinical practice and research. Journal of Social Issues 54, 357371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, E, Penedo, F, Moskowitz, J, Yanez, B, Kircher, S, Kundu, S, Flury, S and Moreno, P (2021) Prospectively examining the effects of a cancer diagnosis on patients, spouses/partners, and their relationship. In Infurna, F and Jayawickreme, E (eds), Redesigning Research on Post-Traumatic Growth: Challenges, Pitfalls, and New Directions. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 123146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, D, Iversen, TN, Ambrosi, SL and Elklit, A (2016) Posttraumatic growth: a critical review of problems with the current measurement of the term. In Martin, C, Preedy, V and Patel, V (eds), Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Springer, pp. 17971812. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_5-1.Google Scholar
Cobb, AR, Tedeschi, R, Calhoun, LG and Cann, A (2006) Correlates of posttraumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress 19, 895903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courtois, CA and Ford, JD (2013) Treatment of Complex Trauma: A Sequenced, Relationship-Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, B (2009) Bright-Sided: How Positive Thinking is Undermining America. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Felitti, VJ, Anda, RF, Nordenberg, D, Williamson, DF, Spitz, AM, Edwards, V, Koss, MP and Marks, JS (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, 245258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, P, Tennen, H, Gavian, M, Park, C, Tomich, P and Tashiro, T (2009) Does self-reported posttraumatic growth reflect genuine positive change? Psychological Science 20, 912919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbin, A (2015) Prescribing post-traumatic growth. Bioethics 29, 671679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, B (2002) The tyranny of the positive attitude in America: observation and speculation. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58, 965991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, J (2015) Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Laceulle, O, Alaska, K, Alisic, E, Al Sawaf, Z, Rahim, HF, Zonneveld, R and Chung, J (2021) Emotions and positive personality change in Syrian-origin young adults who have recently resettled in the Netherlands. In Infurna, F and Jayawickreme, E (eds), Redesigning Research on Post-Traumatic Growth: Challenges, Pitfalls, and New Directions. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 89104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linley, P and Joseph, S (2004) Positive change following trauma and adversity: a review. Journal of Traumatic Stress 17, 1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luong, G, Coatsworth, JD and Chow, S-M (2021) Post-traumatic growth in later adulthood: disentangling shorter and longer term changes following transitions into senior housing facilities. In Infurna, F and Jayawickreme, E (eds), Redesigning Research on Post-Traumatic Growth: Challenges, Pitfalls, and New Directions. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 105122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nietzsche, F (1911) Twilight of the Idols. Ludovici AM (trans.). Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis.Google Scholar
Pargament, K I, Smith, B W, Koenig, H G and Perez, L (1998) Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37, 710724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, C and Boals, A (2021) Current assessment and interpretation of perceived post-traumatic growth. In Infurna, F and Jayawickreme, E (eds), Redesigning Research on Post-Traumatic Growth: Challenges, Pitfalls, and New Directions. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rendon, J (2012) Post-Traumatic Stress's Surprisingly Positive Flip Side. The New York Times Magazine. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/magazine/post-traumatic-stresss-surprisingly-positive-flip-side.html#:~:text=Patterns%20began%20to%20emerge%20in,they%20felt%20spiritually%20more%20satisfied (accessed 1 June 2023).Google Scholar
Rendon, J (2019) Posttraumatic Growth Proves You Can be Stronger After Trauma. Military.com. Available at https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/06/03/posttraumatic-growth-proves-you-can-be-stronger-after-trauma.html (accessed 1 June 2023).Google Scholar
Rose, DD (2003) Evidence Not Seen: A Woman's Miraculous Faith in the Jungles of World War II. New York: Harper One.Google Scholar
Ryff, C D (1989) Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, 10691081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, A, Joseph, S and Linley, PA (2005) Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: a systematic review. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 8, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steger, MF, Frazier, P, Oishi, S and Kaler, M (2006) The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology 53, 8093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stump, E (2010) Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedeschi, R and Calhoun, R (1996) The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 9, 455471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tedeschi, R and Calhoun, R (2004a) Post-traumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry 15, 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedeschi, R and Calhoun, R (2004b) Posttraumatic Growth: A New Perspective on Psychotraumatology. Psychiatric Times 21. Available at https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/posttraumatic-growth-new-perspective-psychotraumatology (accessed 1 June 2023).Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R, Cann, A, Taku, K, Senol-Durak, E and Calhoun, L (2017) The posttraumatic growth inventory: a revision integrating existential and spiritual change. The Journal of Traumatic Stress 30, 1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiberius, V (2021) Growth and the multiple dimensions of well-being. In Infurna, F and Jayawickreme, E (eds), Redesigning Research on Post-Traumatic Growth: Challenges, Pitfalls, and New Directions. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 111.Google Scholar
Van Der Kolk, B (2015) The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Wiesel, E (2006) Night. Wiesel M (trans.). New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Wortman, C (2004) Posttraumatic growth: progress and problems. Psychological Inquiry 15, 8190.Google Scholar