A calibration is presented for conventional radiocarbon ages ranging from 10 to 7240 years BP and thus covering a calendric range of 8000 years from 6050 BC to AD 1950. Distinctive features of this calibration include 1) an improved data set consisting of 1154 radiocarbon measurements on samples of known age, 2) an extended range over which radiocarbon ages may be calibrated (an additional 530 years), 3) separate 95% confidence intervals (in tabular from) for six different radiocarbon uncertainties (20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 years), and 4) an estimate of the non-Poisson errors related to radiocarbon determinations, including an estimate of the systematic errors between laboratories.

A high-precision calibration curve, derived from the radiocarbon age determinations of 195 decade samples spanning the AD 1 to 1950 interval, is presented.

Though derived for the Pacific Northwest and California, the curve can be used for a large part of the northern hemisphere. This is proven by the radiocarbon ages of contemporaneous sample pairs which are, in most instances, identical within the quoted precision. Two sets of single-year data reveal no evidence for an 11-year cycle with an amplitude beyond the 12-year measuring precision. This indicates that the calibration curve is also applicable for single-year 14C samples.

Analysis of the Seattle data sets and comparison with those published by the Belfast, La Jolla, and Heidelberg laboratories show that the total variability in a radiocarbon age determination is often larger than that predicted from the quoted errors. Upper limits for the error multiplier (ie, the factor with which the quoted error has to be multiplied to obtain the overall laboratory variability) are estimated at 1.5 for Seattle and Belfast, 1.1 to 1.4 for La Jolla, and 2.0 for Heidelberg.

The comparisons with Belfast, La Jolla, and Heidelberg also reveal offsets with the Seattle calibration curve of, respectively, 4, 27 to 55, and 58 years. These offsets are most likely due to laboratory bias. An improvement of the present calibration curve by combining data sets from other laboratories will only be possible when offsets and error multipliers are precisely known through interlaboratory calibration.

The following list consists of dates for archaeologic and some geologic samples, mostly measured from January 1978 to December 1979. The dates were obtained by liquid scintillation counting of benzene using the laboratory procedures outlined in previous lists (see, eg, BM-VIII, R, 1976, v 18, p 16). The dates are expressed in radiocarbon years relative to ad 1950 based on the Libby half-life for 14C of 5570 yr, and are corrected for isotopic fractionation (δ13C values are relative to PDB). No corrections have been made for natural 14C variations. The modern reference standard is NBS oxalic acid (SRM 4990). Errors quoted with the dates are based on counting statistics alone and are equivalent to ± 1 standard deviation (± 1σ). Dates in this list reported to submitters or published elsewhere before the introduction of the new guidelines for rounding of computed figures have deliberately been left unrounded. From BM-XV onwards all BM dates will be rounded before publication in conformity with the recently recommended procedures (R, 1977, v 19, p 362). Descriptions, comments, and references to publications are based on information supplied by submitters.

Radiocarbon dating with accelerators requires the manufacture of suitable carbon targets. Carbon yield and 13C fractionation were investigated for the simple and direct pyrolysis of wood and cellulose to charcoal. Under continuous vacuum removal of evolved volatiles, carbon yields of 35 to 40% and δ13C fractionation of −2.5‰ were observed in the pyrolysis of wood to charcoal, whereas yields of 30% and fractionation of −0.8‰ were obtained in the pyrolysis of cellulose to charcoal. Yield and fractionation leveled off at temperatures above 300°C. Yields and fractionations were also measured for pyrolysis of wood and cellulose in a continously-flowing argon atmosphere. Yields were higher and fractionations smaller than for the corresponding vacuum cases. For cellulose sealed in evacuated glass tubes and pyrolized at 550 to 600°C, carbon yields greater than 60% and fractionation of about −0.5‰ were observed. Yields increased and fractionation tended to decrease as the ratio of tube volume/mass of cellulose decreased, ie, as the pressure increased. Reheating of this charcoal under continuous vacuum pumping revealed no loss of mass and no alteration of carbon isotopic composition. Fractionation measurements were additionally performed on wood and the charcoal produced from burning in a fireplace, conditions approximating the “natural“ production of charcoal. Despite the large potential fractionation suggested in the wood pyrolysis experiments, charcoal produced in the fireplace showed very small or no fractionation.

The following list consists of dates for archaeologic and geologic samples mostly measured over the period from January 1980 to June 1981. The dates were obtained by liquid scintillation counting of benzene using the laboratory procedures outlined in previous lists (see, eg, BM VIII, R, 1976, v 18, p 16).

The following list consists of dates for archaeologic samples mostly measured from July 1976 to December 1977. The dates were obtained by liquid scintillation counting of benzene using the laboratory procedures outlined in previous lists (see, eg, BM-VIII, R, 1976, v 18, p 16). Dates are expressed in radiocarbon years relative to ad 1950 based on the Libby half-life for 14C of 5570 yr, and are corrected for isotopic fractionation (δ13C values are relative to PDB). No corrections have been made for natural 14C variations (although in some instances approximate calibrated dates taken from the tables of R M Clark (1975) have been given in the comments where this aids interpretation of results). The modern reference standard is NBS oxalic acid (SRM 4990). Errors quoted with the dates are based on counting statistics alone and are equivalent to ± 1 standard deviation (± 1σ), Dates in this and the next list (BM-XIV) reported to submitters or published elsewhere before the introduction of the new guidelines for rounding of computed figures have deliberately been left unrounded. From BM-XV onwards all BM dates will be rounded before publication in conformity with the recently recommended procedures (R, 1977, v 19, p 362). Descriptions, comments, and references to publications are based on information supplied by submitters.

The following list contains the measurements of archaeologic samples made during 1978 and 1979 using carbon-dioxide-filled proportional counters. Most of the samples were dated with counter No. 3 (L3) filled to 1 or 2 atm pressure (Mościcki and Zastawny, 1977). Our counter No. 1 (L1) previously described (Mościcki and Zastawny, 1976) has been remounted and is now operating at 2 atm pressure of carbon dioxide. Samples measured with this counter have date numbers starting with Gd-1000. Parameters of proportional counters are listed in Table 1. Our transistorized electronics is being gradually replaced by more compact integrated-circuit electronics in CAMAC system (Bluszcz and Walanus, 1980). Counts from proportional counter and guard counters are recorded in 5 channels and punched every 100 minutes. Typical measurement of any sample, including background and oxalic acid samples, consists of a series of 20 to 25 partial measurements. Partial results obtained in such series are analyzed on ODRA 1325 computer at the Computing Centre of the Silesian Technical University according to code C14C written in ALGOL (Pazdur and Walanus, 1979). Age calculations are based on contemporary value equal to 0.95 of the activity of NBS oxalic acid standard and on the Libby value for the half-life of radiocarbon. Ages are reported as conventional radiocarbon dates in years before ad 1950. Corrections for isotopic fractionation in nature are made only for some samples with indicated values of δ13C Errors quoted (±1σ) include estimated overall standard deviations of count rates of the unknown sample, contemporary standard, and background (Pazdur and Walanus, 1979).

During the last seven years, there has been a concerted effort in eastern Australia to obtain 14C ages from detrital shell samples of prograded sand barriers composed of beach ridges and chenier deposits (Cook and Polach, 1973; Cook and Mayo, 1977; Thom, Polach, and Bowman, 1978; Thom et al, 1981). These ages were used to establish the age sequence of deposition and rates of progradation. This date list is the result of work in two areas of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia, where 57 shell samples were collected for 14C dating. For details of this research, see Rhodes et al (1980).

The following list includes 14C measurements of geologic samples, the majority of which pertain to sea-level variations, and of archaeologic samples mainly from France, West Africa, and South America. Most of the dates were measured between 1972 and 1973 when installations were not modified. The technique used is described in Radiocarbon, 1972, v 14, p 280–320. Dates were calculated using the 14C half-life of 5568 years; modern standard is 0.95 of the NBS oxalic acid. Reported errors are one standard deviation for 2000 minutes measurements.

The following list sums up the results of radiocarbon dating of geologic samples obtained mostly during 1978 and 1979. Measurements have continued with the same proportional counters, pretreatment procedures, carbon dioxide purification, measurement and calculation as described previously (Pazdur et al, 1982). Ages are reported as conventional radiocarbon dates in years before ad 1950. No corrections for 13C/12C ratio were made for samples reported in this date list. Infinite dates are based on a 2-sigma criterion (Pazdur and Walanus, 1979). Sample descriptions and comments are based on information provided by the submitters.

The SFU Archaeology Department has constructed a small radiocarbon dating facility to serve its own needs and, to the extent that time is available, the needs of other archaeologists and earth scientists. All dates reported here were processed by our laboratory from October 1979 to September 1980. The 14C measurements are made using conventional techniques for liquid scintillation counting of benzene. The samples are burned in a Phonon Mark IV combustion bomb and the resultant CO2 is purified and converted to Li2C2 using a reaction vessel based on the design of Polach, Gower, and Fraser (ms). Acetylene is formed by hydrolysis with distilled H2O which has been aged for a minimum of three months. The acetylene is trimerized to benzene with the Mobil Durabead I catalyst. The conversion efficiency of CO2 to C6H6 is typically 95%. Gas chromatographic analysis of typical samples of the synthesized benzene indicates 99.8% purity with toluene produced in trace amounts.

The radiocarbon dates reported in this date list cover the measurements carried out in 1979 to 1980. Chemical and counting procedures are the same as reported earlier (R, 1978, v 20, p 398–404). Age calculations are based on the conventional 14C half-life (5570 yr) and on the contemporary value of 95% of the activity of NBS oxalic acid. Errors quoted correspond to 1σ value which takes into account the counting statistics, the uncertainty in the half-life, and the instability of the counting system. The ages are not corrected for isotopic fractionation in nature.

Results of extensive and systematic radiocarbon dating of tufa samples and associated materials (wood, plants, moss, and peat) are presented in this paper. Samples were collected in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Central Croatia, Yugoslavia, where intensive precipitation of tufa has taken place over several geologic epochs in a typical Karst area. Problems associated with radiocarbon dating of tufa are discussed in a previous paper (Srdoč et al, 1980). The authors concluded that dating of tufa is feasible and reliable, at least in the specific case of Karst regions, where retention of groundwater is short. Tufa is precipitated as a result of decomposition of groundwater bicarbonates due to loss of CO2, usually in waterfalls and cascades, and it is practically contemporaneous with living organic material. However, radiocarbon activity of modern tufa is lower than that of organic material due to dissolution of inactive carbonates (limestone) in groundwater. The initial activity of groundwater depends on the geology and vegetation of the area and it is widely discussed in the literature (Geyh, 1973). The initial activity, Ao, of tufa could be easily measured on recent samples, had not bomb-test contamination upset the equilibrium. Namely, while the atmospheric CO2 and living matter responded relatively quickly to the injection of radiocarbon in the atmosphere, groundwater and, consequently, tufa showed a much slower and damped response. Therefore, we have based our estimation of the initial activity of tufa on measurements of samples of known age collected before the bomb-test era. An average value of the initial activity equal to 85% of modern has been obtained which is in accordance with data for groundwater activity in similar areas. Consequently, all radiocarbon ages of tufa samples in this paper are based on the Libby half-life of 14C (5568 years) and the initial radiocarbon activity equal to 85% of modern. The modern standard is 0.95 of the activity of NBS oxalic acid. Errors quoted are based on counting statistics only and do not include uncertainties in 14C half-life and in initial activity. The latter may introduce much larger errors, up to ± 1000 years, depending on the sampling site, as explained in the following sections. Whereas radiocarbon dating of Holocene tufa beds give reliable ages within the above specified errors, radiocarbon dating of old tufa beds is still questionable. Intrusion of minute quantities of modern calcareous material renders the ages of old (∼30,000 yr) tufa useless. Research on measuring the age of old tufa deposits by other methods is in progress.

Most of the 14C measurements reported here were made between October 1980 and October 1981. Equipment, measurement, and treatment of samples are as reported previously (R, 1968, v 10, p 36–37; 1976, v 18, p 290; 1980, v 22, p 1045).

This list reports a portion of the analysis completed on archaeologic and paleo-environmental samples measured in the UCR laboratory between August 1974 and August 1976. Results of measurements made during that period on sample suites which are not as yet completed or lack review by submitters will be reported in a subsequent date list.

The radiocarbon laboratory of the Center of Applied Research and Documentation of Udine (CRAD), became operative early in 1977 and uses a benzene liquid scintillation counting method. Benzene is prepared as outlined by Legers and Tamers (1963), Noakes, Kim, and Akers (1967), Belluomini et al (1978). The procedure of chemical synthesis is detailed in CRAD (1977).

The Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory of The Granada University was established to support the work of archaeologists and geologists. The method of dating is benzene synthesis and liquid scintillation counting developed by a number of investigators (Polach and Stipp, 1967; Tamers, 1969; Pietig and Scharpenseel, 1966) with sample combustion in pure oxygen (Switsur, 1974).