Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-24T20:58:21.800Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Near East Chronology: Towards an Integrated 14C Time Foundation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

Hendrik J Bruins
Hendrik J Bruins*
Affiliation:
Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Social Studies Unit, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel. Email: hjbruins@bgumail.bgu.ac.il.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Chronology is the backbone of all history, as the flow of time is identical in scholarly and scientific fields, even in the Near East. Radiocarbon dating can provide an essential and unifying chronological basis across disciplines, despite precision limitations. This issue presents exciting new 14C developments in archaeological and environmental contexts, ranging from Proto-Neolithic cultures to historic earthquakes along the Dead Sea. Dark periods devoid of settlement in the deserts of the southern Levant seem to disappear with 14C dating. Significant new findings collectively indicate the need for major chronological revisions in the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE in Egypt and the Levant. The implications for the 2nd millennium BCE are not yet established, but the use of 14C dating in the Iron Age is finally beginning to focus on current controversies. The chronological way forward for Dynastic Egypt and the Levantine Bronze and Iron Ages is a multi-disciplinary approach based on detailed high-quality 14C series as a unifying time foundation to anchor archaeological, textual, and astronomical data.

Type
Near East Chronology: Archaeology and Environment
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 43 , Issue 3: Proceedings of the 17th International Radiocarbon Conference (Part 3 of 3) , 2001 , pp. 1147 - 1154
Copyright
Copyright © 2001 The Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

References

Aardsma, GE. 2001. New radiocarbon dates for the reed mat from the cave of the treasure, Israel. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Aurenche, O, Galet, P, Régagnon-Caroline, E, Évin, J. 2001. Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic cultures in the Middle East—the birth of agriculture, livestock raising, and ceramics: a calibrated 14C chronology 12,500–5,500 cal BC. Radiocarbon. This issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avner, U, Carmi, I. 2001. Settlement patterns in the southern Levant deserts during the 6th–3rd millennium BC: A revision based on radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Balter, M. 2000. The two Tels: Armageddon for biblical archaeology? Science 287:31–2.Google Scholar
Bar-Adon, P. 1980. The cave of the treasure: the finds from the caves in Nahal Mishmar. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2001. PPNP interaction sphere. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11(1): 114–7.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, A. 2000. Hazor and the chronology of northern Israel: a reply to Israel Finkelstein. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 317:9–16.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, A, Ben-Ami, D. 1998. Hazor and the archaeology of the tenth century B.C.E. Israel Exploration Journal 48:1–38.Google Scholar
Berger, R. 1983. Willard Frank Libby, 1908–1980. PACT 8:13–6.Google Scholar
Bonani, G, Haas, H, Hawass, Z, Lehner, M, Nakhla, S, Nolan, J, Wenke, R, Wölfli, W. 2001. Radiocarbon dates of Old and Middle Kingdom monuments in Egypt. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Bowman, D, Bruins, HJ, van der Plicht, J. 2001. Load structure seismites in the Dead Sea area, Israel: chronological benchmarking with 14C dating. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Bourke, S, Lawson, EM, Lovell, J, Hua, Q, Zoppi, U. 2001. The chronology of the Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant: new 14C determinations from Teleilat Ghassul, Jordan. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Braun, E. 2001. Proto, Early Dynastic Egypt, and Early Bronze I–II of the southern Levant: some uneasy 14C correlations. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Breasted, JH. 1921. A history of Egypt [Originally published in 1905, New York: Scribner; reprinted 1964 by Bantam Books of New York].Google Scholar
Bruins, HJ. 1994. Comparative chronology of climatic and human history in the southern Levant from the late Chalcolithic to the Early Arab period. In: Bar-Yosef, O, Kra, R, editors. Late Quaternary chronology and paleoclimates of the eastern Mediterranean. Tucson: Radiocarbon and American School of Prehistoric Research, Harvard University. p 301–14.Google Scholar
Bruins, HJ. 2000. Drought hazards in Israel and Jordan: policy recommendations for disaster mitigation. In: Wilhite, DA, editor. Drought: a global assessment. Volume II. London: Routledge. Hazards and Disasters Series. Chapter 42:178–93.Google Scholar
Bruins, HJ. Forthcoming. Regional water system development in Israel and the Middle East. In: Cabrera, E, Lund, J, editors. Water conservation, water supply and system integration. Balkema.Google Scholar
Bruins, HJ, Mook, WG. 1989. The need for a calibrated radiocarbon chronology of Near Eastern archaeology. Radiocarbon 31(3):1019–29.Google Scholar
Bruins, HJ, van der Plicht, J. 1998. Early Bronze Jericho: high-precision 14C dates of short-lived palaeobotanic remains. Radiocarbon 40(2):621–8.Google Scholar
Bruins, HJ, van der Plicht, J. 2001. Radiocarbon challenges archaeo-historical time frameworks in the Near East: the Early Bronze Age of Jericho in relation to Egypt. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Burton, M, Levy, TE. 2001. The Chalcolithic radiocarbon record and its use in southern Levantine archaeology. Radiocarbon. This issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cauvin, J. 2000. The birth of the gods and the origins of culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Translated from French by T Watkins.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 1996. The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view. Levant 28:177–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 1998. Bible archaeology or archaeology of Palestine in the Iron Age? A rejoinder. Levant 30:167–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frumkin, A, Kadan, G, Enzel, Y, Eyal, Y. 2001. Radiocarbon chronology of the Holocene Dead Sea: attempting a regional correlation. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Gilboa, A, Sharon, I. 2001. Early Iron Age radiometric dates from Tel Dor: implications for Phoenicia and beyond. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Görsdorf, J, Vogt, B. 2001. Excavations at Ma'layba and Sabir, Republic of Yemen: radiocarbon datings in the period 1900–800 cal BC. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Görsdorf, J, Vogt, B. 2001 Radiocarbon datings from the Almaqah temple of Bar'an, Ma'rib, Republic of Yemen: about 800 cal BC to 600 cal AD. Radiocarbon. This issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutgesell, M. 1984. Chronological overview. In: Eggebrecht, A, editor. Das Alte Ägypten. München: Bertelsmann Verlag.Google Scholar
Haas, H, Devine, J, Wenke, R, Lehner, M, Woelfli, W, Bonani, G. 1987. Radiocarbon chronology and the historical calendar in Egypt. In: Aurenche, O, Evin, J, Hours, F, editors. Chronologies in the Near East. Oxford: BAR International Series 379. p 585–606.Google Scholar
Hayes, WC. 1970. Chronology: Egypt to the end of the twentieth century. In: Edwards, IES, editor. Cambridge ancient history. Volume one. Third edition. Cambridge. p 173–93.Google Scholar
Ken-Tor, R, Stein, M, Enzel, Y, Agnon, A, Marco, S, Negendank, JFW. 2001. Precision of calibrated radiocarbon ages of historic earthquakes in the Dead Sea basin. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Libby, WF. 1952. Radiocarbon dating. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Manning, SW. 1999. A test of time: the volcano of Thera and the chronology and history of the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean in the mid second millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1997. Iron Age chronology: a reply to I Finkelstein. Levant 29:157–67.Google Scholar
Mazar, A, Carmi, I. 2001. Radiocarbon dates from Iron Age strata at Tel Beth Shean and Tel Rehov. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Mook, WG. 1986. Business meeting report [12th International Radiocarbon Conference]. Radiocarbon 28(2B): 799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, D, Belitzky, S, Boaretto, E, Carmi, I, Werker, E, Mintz, G, Marco, S, Heinemeier, J. 2001. New dates from submerged Upper Pleistocene sediments in the southern Sea of Galilee. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Savage, SH. 2001. Toward an AMS radiocarbon chronology of predynastic Egyptian ceramics. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
van der Plicht, J, Bruins, HJ. 2001. Radiocarbon dating in Near-Eastern contexts: confusion and quality control. Radiocarbon. This issue.Google Scholar
Van Strydonck, M, Nelson, DE, Crombé, P, Bronk Ramsey, C, Scott, EM, van der Plicht, J, Hedges, REM. 2000. What's in a date? Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on 14C and Archaeology. Lyon, France. 6–10 April 1998. p 433–40.Google Scholar
Weigall, A. 1925. A history of the pharaos. London.Google Scholar
Weinstein, JM. 1984. Radiocarbon dating in the southern Levant. Radiocarbon 26(3):297–366.Google Scholar