Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T23:47:06.331Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geochronology and paleoenvironment of pluvial Harper Lake, Mojave Desert, California, USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Anna L. Garcia ,
Jeffrey R. Knott ,
Shannon A. Mahan  and
Jordon Bright
Anna L. Garcia*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
Jeffrey R. Knott
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
Shannon A. Mahan
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center (MS 974), Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO, United States
Jordon Bright
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail addresses:agarcia@mojavewater.org (A.L. Garcia),jknott@fullerton.edu (J.R. Knott),smahan@usgs.gov (S.A. Mahan),jbright1@email.arizona.edu (J. Bright).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Accurate reconstruction of the paleo-Mojave River and pluvial lake (Harper, Manix, Cronese, and Mojave) system of southern California is critical to understanding paleoclimate and the North American polar jet stream position over the last 500 ka. Previous studies inferred a polar jet stream south of 35°N at 18 ka and at ~ 40°N at 17–14 ka. Highstand sediments of Harper Lake, the upstream-most pluvial lake along the Mojave River, have yielded uncalibrated radiocarbon ages ranging from 24,000 to > 30,000 14C yr BP. Based on geologic mapping, radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, we infer a ~ 45–40 ka age for the Harper Lake highstand sediments. Combining the Harper Lake highstand with other Great Basin pluvial lake/spring and marine climate records, we infer that the North American polar jet stream was south of 35°N about 45–40 ka, but shifted to 40°N by ~ 35 ka. Ostracodes (Limnocythere ceriotuberosa) from Harper Lake highstand sediments are consistent with an alkaline lake environment that received seasonal inflow from the Mojave River, thus confirming the lake was fed by the Mojave River. The ~ 45–40 ka highstand at Harper Lake coincides with a shallowing interval at downstream Lake Manix.

Keywords

Mojave RiverHarper LakePaleoclimatePolar jet streamOstracodeLake ManixGeochronologyRadiocarbonOSLIRSL
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 81 , Issue 2 , March 2014 , pp. 305 - 317
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, K.D., and Wesnousky, S.G. Shoreline processes and the age of the Lake Lahontan highstand in the Jessup embayment, Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, (1998). 1318–1332.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitken, M.J. Thermoluminescence Dating. (1985). Academic Press, London. (359 pp.)Google Scholar
Aitken, M.J. An Introduction to Optical Dating. (1998). Oxford University Press, Oxford. (267 pp.)Google Scholar
Amoroso, L., Miller, D.M., (2006). Surficial geologic map and geodatabase of the Cuddeback Lake 30′ x 60′ quadrangle, San Bernardino and Kern Counties, California. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1276, scale 1:100,000. 30 pp.Google Scholar
Anderson, K.C., and Wells, S.G. Latest Quaternary paleohydrology of Silurian Lake and Salt Spring basin, Silurian Valley, California. Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin Deserts. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 129–141.Google Scholar
Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V.J., and Burns, S.J. Variable winter moisture in the southwestern United States linked to rapid glacial climate shifts. Nature Geoscience 3, (2010). 114–117.Google Scholar
Benson, L., Lund, S., Negrini, R., Linsley, B., and Zic, M. Response of North American Great Basin lakes to Dansgaard–Oeschger oscillations. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, (2003). 2239–2251.Google Scholar
Blackwelder, E. Pleistocene lakes and drainage in the Mojave region, southern California. Jahns, R.H. The Geology of southern California. California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 170, (1954). 35–40.Google Scholar
Blazevic, M.A., Kirby, M.E., Woods, A.D., Browne, B.L., and Bowman, D.D. A sedimentary facies model for glacial-age sediments in Baldwin Lake, Southern California. Sedimentary Geology 219, (2009). 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boomer, I., Horne, D.J., and Slipper, I.J. The use of ostracods in palaeoenvironmental studies, or what can you do with and ostracod shell?. Park, L.E., and Smith, A.J. Bridging the Gap: Trends in the Ostracode Biological and Geological Sciences. Paleontological Society Special Publication 9, (2003). 153–179.Google Scholar
Bradbury, J.P., Forester, R.M., and Thompson, R.S. Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada. Journal of Paleolimnology 1, (1989). 249–267.Google Scholar
Brennan, R., and Quade, J. Reliable late-Pleistocene stratigraphic ages and shorter groundwater travel times from 14C in fossil snails from the southern Great Basin. Quaternary Research 47, (1997). 329–336.Google Scholar
Bright, J., and Anderson, K.C. Re-interpretation of Pleistocene Lake Dumont, Salt Spring basin, California, based on ostracode faunal analyses. Miller, D.M., Menges, C.M., and McMackin, M.R. Geomorphology and Tectonics at the Intersection of Silurian and Death Valleys: 2005 Guidebook for Pacific Cell Friends of the Pleistocene. (2005). B1–B10.Google Scholar
California Department of Water Resources, Bulletin 118, California's Groundwater. (2004). Google Scholar
Carter, C. Ostracodes in Owens Lake core OL-92: alternation of saline and freshwater forms through time. Smith, G.I., and Bischoff, J.L. An 800,000-year Paleoclimatic Record from Core OL-92, Southeast California. (1997). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 113–119.Google Scholar
Cox, B.F., Hillhouse, J.W., and Owen, L.A. Pliocene and Pleistocene evolution of the Mojave River, and associated tectonic development of the Transverse Ranges and Mojave Desert, based on borehole stratigraphy studies and mapping of landforms and sediments near Victorville, California. Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin Deserts. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 1–42.Google Scholar
Delorme, L.D. Methods in Quaternary Ecology #7. Freshwater Ostracodes. Geoscience Canada 16, (1989). 85–90.Google Scholar
Dibblee, T.W., (1960a.). Geologic Map of the Barstow Quadrangle. San Bernardino County, California. U.S. Geological Survey Map MF-233 1:62,500.Google Scholar
Dibblee, T.W., (1960b). Geologic Map of the Hawes Quadrangle. San Bernardino County, California. U.S. Geological Survey Map MF-226 1:62,500.Google Scholar
Dibblee, T.W. Areal geology of the Western Mojave Desert, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 522, (1967). (153 pp.)Google Scholar
Dibblee, T.W. Geology of the Fremont Peak and Opal Mountain quadrangles, California. California Divisions of Mines and Geology Bulletin 188, (1968). (64 pp.)Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Cayan, D.R., Anderson, R.Y., and Wells, S.G. Atmospheric circulation during Holocene lake stands in the Mojave Desert: evidence of regional climate change. Nature 341, (1989). 44–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Late Pleistocene lakes along the Mojave River, southeast California. Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin Deserts. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 61–77.Google Scholar
Forester, R.M. Limnocythere bradburyi n. sp.: a modern ostracode from central Mexico and a possible quaternary paleoclimatic indicator. Journal of Paleontology 59, (1985). 8–20.Google Scholar
Forester, R.M. Late Quaternary paleoclimate records from lacustrine ostracodes. Ruddiman, W.F., Wright, H.E. Jr. The Geology of North America, v. K-3, North America and Adjacent Oceans during the Last Deglaciation. (1987). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 261–276.Google Scholar
Forester, R.M. Pliocene-climate history of the western united states derived from lacustrine ostracodes. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, (1991). 133–146.Google Scholar
Forester, R.M., Lowenstein, T.K., and Spencer, R.J. An ostracode based paleolimnologic and paleohydrologic history of Death Valley: 200 to 0 ka. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, (2005). 1379–1386.Google Scholar
Huntley, D.J., and Lamothe, M. Ubiquity of anomalous fading in K-feldspars and the measurement and correction for it in optical dating. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, (2001). 1093–1106.Google Scholar
Ingram, W.M. The larger fresh water clams of California, Oregon and Washington. Journal of Entomology and Zoology 40, (1948). 72–92.Google Scholar
Izbicki, J.A., Ball, J.W., Bullen, T.D., and Sutley, S.J. Chromium, chromium isotopes and selected trace elements, western Mojave Desert, USA. Applied Geochemistry 23, (2008). 1325–1352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayko, A.S., Forester, R.M., Kaufman, D.S., Phillips, F., Yount, J.C., McGeehin, J., and Manhan, S.A. Late Pleistocene lakes and wetlands, Panamint Valley, Inyo County, California. Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R., and Miller, D.M. Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives. (2008). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 151–184.Google Scholar
Jefferson, G.T. Stratigraphy and Geologic History of the Pleistocene Manix Formation Central Mojave Desert, California. Reynolds, R.E. Cajon Pass to Manix Lake: Geological Investigations along Interstate 15. San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication (1985). 157–169.Google Scholar
Jefferson, G.T. Age and stratigraphy of Lake Manix Basin. Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J. Tracks along the Mojave. Quarterly of the San Bernardino County Museum Association 46, (1999). 109–111.Google Scholar
Jefferson, G.T. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the middle to late Pleistocene Manix Formation, and paleoenvironments of the central Mojave River, southern California. Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin Deserts. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 43–60.Google Scholar
Kaufman, D.S., Forman, S.L., and Bright, J. Age of the Cutler Dam Alloformation (Late Pleistocene), Bonneville Basin, Utah. Quaternary Research 56, (2001). 322–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, D.S., Porter, S.C., and Gillespie, A.R. Quaternary alpine glaciation in Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Hawaii. Developments in Quaternary Sciences 1, (2003). 77–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, M.E., Lund, S.P., and Bird, B.W. Mid-Wisconsin sediment record from Baldwin Lake reveals hemispheric climate dynamics (Southern CA, USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 241, (2006). 267–283.Google Scholar
Laabs, B.J.C., Munroe, J.S., Best, L.C., and Caffee, M.W. Timing of the last glaciation and subsequent deglaciation in the Ruby Mountains, Great Basin, USA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 361, (2013). 16–25.Google Scholar
Laj, C., Mazaud, A., and Duplessy, J.C. Geomagnetic intensity and 14C abundance in the atmosphere and ocean during the past 50 kyr. Geophysical Research Letters 23, (1996). 2045–2048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laj, C., Kissel, C., Mazaud, A., Michel, E., Muscheler, R., and Beer, J. Geomagnetic field intensity, North Atlantic Deep Water circulation and atmospheric Δ14C during the last 50 kyr. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200, (2002). 177–190.Google Scholar
Lawson, M.J., Rhodes, E.J., Barrera, W.A., Ochoa, G.T., and Roder, B.J. Assessing different strategies to improve the reliability and applicability of luminescence dating of high energy sediment deposition and neotectonic contexts. SCEC Annual Meeting, Abstract Poster 142. (2012). 117 Google Scholar
Lian, O.B., and Roberts, R.G. Dating the Quaternary: progress in luminescence dating of sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, (2006). 2449–2468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyle, M., Heusser, L., Ravelo, C., Yamamoto, M., Barron, J., Diffenbaugh, N.S., Herbert, T., and Andreason, D. Out of the tropics: the Pacific, Great Basin Lakes, and Late Pleistocene water cycle in the Western United States. Science 337, (2012). 1629–1633.Google Scholar
Medina-Luna, L., Yule, D., and Rittenour, T. Anomalous OSL apparent ages of the Biskra Palms Alluvial Fan. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 42, (2010). 69 Google Scholar
Meek, N. New discoveries about the late Wisconsin history of the Mojave River system. Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, J. Tracks along the Mojave. Quarterly of the San Bernardino County Museum Association 46, (1999). 113–117.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature 439, (2006). 931–935.Google Scholar
Mezquita, F., Tapia, G., and Roca, J.R. Ostracoda from springs on the eastern Iberia Peninsula: ecology, biogeography and palaeolimnological implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 148, (1999). 65–85.Google Scholar
Millard, H.T., and Maat, P.B. Thermoluminescence dating procedures in use at the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94–249. (1994). (112 pp.)Google Scholar
Miller, D.M., Oviatt, C.G., and McGeehin, J.P. Stratigraphy and chronology of Provo shoreline deposits and lake-level implications, Late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, eastern Great Basin, USA. Boreas 42, (2013). 342–361.Google Scholar
Morrison, R.B. Quaternary stratigraphic, hydrologic, and climatic history of the Great Basin, with emphasis on Lakes Lahontan, Bonneville, and Tecopa. Morrison, R.B. Quaternary Nonglacial Geology: Conterminous U.S. vol. K-2, (1991). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 283–320.Google Scholar
Murray, A.S., and Wintle, A.G. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32, (2000). 57–73.Google Scholar
Murray, A.S., and Wintle, A.G. The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol: potential for improvements in reliability. Radiation Measurements 37, (2003). 377–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, A.S., Marten, R., Johnston, A., and Martin, P. Analysis for naturally-occurring radionuclides at environmental concentrations by gamma spectrometry. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry-Articles 115, (1987). 263–288.Google Scholar
Orme, A.T. Lake Thompson, Mojave Desert, California: the late Pleistocene lake system and its Holocene dissection. Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R., and Miller, D.M. Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives. (2008). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 227–259.Google Scholar
Oskin, M., and Iriondo, A. Large-magnitude transient strain accumulation on the Blackwater fault, Eastern California shear zone. Geology 32, (2004). 313–316.Google Scholar
Owen, L.A., Finkel, R.C., Minnich, R.A., and Perez, A.E. Extreme southwestern margin of late Quaternary glaciation in North America: timing and controls. Geology 31, (2003). 729–732.Google Scholar
Owen, L.A., Bright, J., Finkel, R.C., Jaiswal, M.K., Kaufman, D.S., Mahan, S., Radtke, U., Schneider, J.S., Sharp, W., Singhvi, A.K., and Warren, C.N. Numerical dating of a Late Quaternary spit-shoreline complex at the northern end of Silver Lake playa, Mojave Desert, California: a comparison of the applicability of radiocarbon, luminescence, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide, electron spin resonance, U-series, and amino acid racemization methods. Quaternary International 166, (2007). 87–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios-Fest, M.R., Carreño, A.L., Ortega-Ramirez, J.R., and Alvarado-Valdéz, G. A paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Laguna Babícora, Chihuahua, Mexico, based on ostracode paleoecology and trace element shell chemistry. Journal of Paleolimnology 27, (2002). 185–206.Google Scholar
Pigati, J.S., Miller, D.M., Bright, J.E., Mahan, S.A., Nekola, J.C., and Paces, J.B. Chronology, sedimentology, and microfauna of groundwater discharge deposits in the central Mojave Desert, Valley Wells, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, (2011). 2224–2239.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.R., and Hutton, J.T. Cosmic-ray contributions to dose-rates for luminescence and ESR dating — large depths and long-term time variations. Radiation Measurements 23, (1994). 497–500.Google Scholar
Quade, J., Forester, R.M., and Whelan, J.F. Late Quaternary paleohydrologic and paleotemperature change in Southern Nevada. Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin Deserts. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 165–188.Google Scholar
Reheis, M.C., and Redwine, J.L. Lake Manix shorelines and Afton Canyon terraces: implications for incision of Afton Canyon. Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R., and Miller, D.M. Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives. (2008). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 227–259.Google Scholar
Reheis, M.C., Bright, J., Lund, S.P., Miller, D.M., Skipp, G., and Fleck, R.J. A half-million-year record of paleoclimate from the Lake Manix Core, Mojave Desert, California. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 365–366, (2012). 11–37.Google Scholar
Reimer, P., Baillie, M., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J., Blackwell, P., Ramsey, C.B., Buck, C., Burr, G., Edwards, R., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P., Guilderson, T., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T., Hogg, A., Hughen, K., Kaiser, K., Kromer, B., McCormac, F., Manning, S., Reimer, R., Richards, D., Southon, J., Talamo, S., Turney, C., van der Plicht, J., and Weyhenmeyer, C. IntCal09 and Marine 09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 year cal BP. Radiocarbon 51, (2009). 1111–1150.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.E., and Reynolds, R.L. The Isolation of Harper Lake Basin. Reynolds, R.E. Off limits in the Mojave Desert: field trip guidebook and volume for the 1994 Mojave Desert Quaternary Research field trip to Fort Irwin and surrounding areas. San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication 94–1, (1994). 34–37.Google Scholar
Roberts, H.M. Optical dating of coarse-silt sized quartz from loess: evaluation of equivalent dose determinations and SAR procedural checks. Radiation Measurements 41, (2006). 923–929.Google Scholar
Roberts, H.M., and Wintle, A.G. Equivalent dose determinations for polymineralic fine-grains using the SAR protocol: application to a Holocene sequence of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 859–863.Google Scholar
Rose, T.P., and Davisson, M.L. Isotopic and geochemical evidence for Holocene-age groundwater in regional flow systems of south-central Nevada. Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin Deserts. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 143–164.Google Scholar
Singhvi, A.K., Bluszcz, A., Bateman, M.D., and Rao, M.S. Luminescence dating of loess-palaeosol sequences and coversands: methodological aspects and palaeoclimatic implications. Earth-Science Reviews 54, (2001). 193–211.Google Scholar
Smith, G.I. Late Cenozoic geology and lacustrine history of Searles Valley, Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1727, (2009). (115 pp, 4 plates) CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, G.I., Bischoff, J.L., and Bradbury, J.P. Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92. Smith, G.I., and Bischoff, J.L. An 800,000 year Paleoclimatic Record from Core OL-92. (1997). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 143–160.Google Scholar
Smith, A.J., Donovan, J.J., Ito, E., Engstrom, D.R., and Panek, V.A. Climate-driven hydrologic transients in lake sediment records: multiproxy record of mid-Holocene drought. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, (2002). 625–646.Google Scholar
Snyder, S.L., and Duval, J.S. Design and construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer system for determining natural radioactive concentrations in geological samples at the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-29. (2003). (on-line only, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-029/)Google Scholar
Stamos, C.L., Martin, P., Nishikawa, T., and Cox, B.F. Simulation of ground-water flow in the Mojave River Basin, California. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report WRIR 01-4002, Version 3. (2001). (129 pp.)Google Scholar
Stanley, D.J., and Hait, A.K. Deltas, radiocarbon dating, and measurements of sediment storage and subsidence. Geology 28, (2000). 295–298.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffen, D., Preusser, F., and Schlunegger, F. OSL Quartz age underestimation due to unstable signal components. Quaternary Geochronology 4, (2009). 353–362.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, J.J. Ostracoda of the late Pleistocene Manix Formation, central Mojave Desert, California. Reynolds, J. The west-central Mojave Desert: Quaternary Studies between Kramer and Afton Canyon. San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication (1989). 70–77.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, J.J., and Jefferson, G.T. Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology of Ostracodes from Pleistocene Lake Manix, Central Mojave Desert, California. Mead, J.I. Current Research in the Pleistocene 5, (1988). 61–62.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., and Polach, H.A. Discussion: reporting of 14C data. Radiocarbon 19, (1977). 355–363.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., and Reimer, P.J. Extended 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 35, (1993). 215–230.Google Scholar
Szabo, B.J., Kolesar, P.T., Riggs, A.C., Winograd, I.J., and Ludwig, K.R. Paleoclimatic influences from a 120,000-yr calcite record of water-table fluctuations in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada. Quaternary Research 41, (1994). 59–69.Google Scholar
Thompson, G.D. The Mojave Desert Region, California: a geographic, geologic, and hydrologic reconnaissance. U.S. Geological Survey Water - Supply Paper 578, (1929). (759 pp.)Google Scholar
University of California, Irvine, W.M. Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory. www.ess.uci.edu/ams/ (2004). (accessed 9/14/2012) Google Scholar
Voelker, A.H.L., Sarnthein, M., Grootes, P.M., Erlenkeuser, H., Laj, C., Mazaud, A., Nadeau, M.-J., and Schleicher, M. Correlation of marine 14C age from the Nordic Seas with the GISP2 isotope record: implications for 14C calibration beyond 25 ka BP. Radiocarbon 40, (1998). 517–534.Google Scholar
Voelker, A.H.L., Grootes, P.M., Nadeau, M.-J., and Sarnthein, M. Radiocarbon levels in the Iceland Sea from 25–53 kyr and their link to the Earth's magnetic field intensity. Radiocarbon 42, (2000). 437–452.Google Scholar
Wells, S.G., Brown, W.J., Enzel, Y., Anderson, R.Y., and Mc Fadden, L.D. Late Quaternary geology and paleohydrology of pluvial Lake Mojave, southern California. Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and southern Great Basin Deserts. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 79–114.Google Scholar
Winograd, I.J., Landwehr, J.M., Coplen, T.B., Sharp, W.D., Riggs, A.C., Ludwig, K.R., and Kolesar, P.T. Devils Hole, Nevada, δ18O record extended to the mid-Holocene. Quaternary Research 66, (2006). 202–212.Google Scholar
Wintle, A.G., and Murray, A.S. A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols. Radiation Measurements 41, (2006). 369–391.Google Scholar