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Geochemical gradients and artifact mass densities on the lowermost Bed II eastern lake margin (~ 1.8 Ma), Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Daniel M. Deocampo  and
Joanne C. Tactikos
Daniel M. Deocampo*
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Joanne C. Tactikos
Affiliation:
Archaeological Consulting Service, Tempe, AZ, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, PO Box 4105, Atlanta, GA 30302-4105, USA. Fax: + 1 404 413 5768. E-mail address:deocampo@gsu.edu (D.M. Deocampo).
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Abstract

Bulk geochemistry of ~ 1.8 Ma lacustrine claystone at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, is controlled principally by the geochemistry of ultrafine (< 0.1 μm), authigenic clay minerals. Authigenic clays have an average structural formula of (Si3.83Al0.17)(Al0.43Fe0.49Mg0.84)(Na0.99K0.22Ca0.16)O10(OH)2; octahedral composition varies, with Mg/(Al + Fe) ranging from 0.7 to 2.3. These clay minerals have a complex history of interaction with saline, alkaline water, followed by secondary diagenetic reactions that leached Mg in freshwater paleoenvironments. Lateral variations in whole-rock and clay geochemistry show westward enrichment in Mg, from Mgoct = 0.6–1.6. This is consistent with persistence of saline, alkaline Paleolake Olduvai to the west, and the presence of groundwater wetlands and other freshwater paleoenvironments to the east. Stone artifact mass density also varies systematically across the basal Bed II deposits, ranging from 100.0 to 104.3 g of artifacts per cubic meter of excavated sediment. Significant correlation is found between clay geochemistry and the density of artifacts excavated from associated archeological trenches (r2 = 0.59, p < 0.01). This relationship supports models of hominin land use in which artifact use and discard is concentrated near freshwater paleoenvironments such as wetlands associated with surface and groundwater discharge. Independent paleoenvironmental proxies such as clay geochemistry allow quantitative hypothesis testing to improve our understanding of early hominin behavior and paleoecology.

Keywords

OlduvaiHomininPleistoceneClay mineralDiagenesisLimnogeology
Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 74 , Issue 3 , November 2010 , pp. 411 - 423
Copyright
University of Washington

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