Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ph5wq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T15:48:57.534Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Predictors of persistent maternal depression trajectories in early childhood: results from the EDEN mother–child cohort study in France

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 February 2015

J. van der Waerden*
Affiliation:
Department of Social Epidemiology, INSERM UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, F-75013 Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
C. Galéra
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charles Perrens Hospital, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France INSERM U897, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Prévention et Prise en Charge des Traumatismes, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
M.-J. Saurel-Cubizolles
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France INSERM, UMR-S 953, Epidemiological Research on Perinatal Health and Women's and Children's Health, F-94807 Villejuif, France
A.-L. Sutter-Dallay
Affiliation:
Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France INSERM U657, F-33000 Bordeaux, France University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Charles Perrens Hospital, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
M. Melchior
Affiliation:
Department of Social Epidemiology, INSERM UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, F-75013 Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
*
*Address for correspondence: J. van der Waerden, PhD, INSERM UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013 Paris, France. (Email: judith.van-der-waerden@inserm.fr)

Abstract

Background

Maternal depression in the pre- and postpartum period may set women on a course of chronic depressive symptoms. Little is known about predictors of persistently elevated depressive symptoms in mothers from pregnancy onwards. The aims of this study are to determine maternal depression trajectories from pregnancy to the child's fifth birthday and identify associated risk factors.

Method

Mothers (N = 1807) from the EDEN mother–child birth cohort study based in France (2003–2011) were followed from 24–28 weeks of pregnancy to their child's fifth birthday. Maternal depression trajectories were determined with a semi-parametric group-based modelling strategy. Sociodemographic, psychosocial and psychiatric predictors were explored for their association with trajectory class membership.

Results

Five trajectories of maternal symptoms of depression from pregnancy onwards were identified: no symptoms (60.2%); persistent intermediate-level depressive symptoms (25.2%); persistent high depressive symptoms (5.0%); high symptoms in pregnancy only (4.7%); high symptoms in the child's preschool period only (4.9%). Socio-demographic predictors associated with persistent depression were non-French origin; psychosocial predictors were childhood adversities, life events during pregnancy and work overinvestment; psychiatric predictors were previous mental health problems, psychological help, and high anxiety during pregnancy.

Conclusions

Persistent depression in mothers of young children is associated to several risk factors present prior to or during pregnancy, notably anxiety. These characteristics precede depression trajectories and offer a possible entry point to enhance mother's mental health and reduce its burden on children.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Austin, MP, Colton, J, Priest, S, Reilly, N,Hadzi-Pavlovic, D (2013). The antenatal risk questionnaire (ANRQ): acceptability and use for psychosocial risk assessment in the maternity setting. Women and Birth 26, 1725.Google Scholar
Austin, MP, Hadzi-Pavlovic, D, Saint, K, Parker, G (2005). Antenatal screening for the prediction of postnatal depression: validation of a psychosocial Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 112, 310317.Google Scholar
Austin, MP, Priest, SR, Sullivan, EA (2008). Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8, CD005124.Google Scholar
Banti, S, Mauri, M, Oppo, A, Borri, C, Rambelli, C, Ramacciotti, D, Montagnani, MS, Camilleri, V, Cortopassi, S, Rucci, P, Cassano, GB (2011). From the third month of pregnancy to 1 year postpartum. Prevalence, incidence, recurrence, and new onset of depression. Results from the Perinatal Depression–Research and Screening Unit study. Comprehensive Psychiatry 52, 343351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betts, KS, Williams, GM, Najman, JM, Alati, R (2014). Maternal depressive, anxious, and stress symptoms during pregnancy predict internalizing problems in adolescence. Depression and Anxiety 31, 918.Google Scholar
Blondel, B, Supernant, K, Du Mazaubrun, C, Breart, G (2006). Trends in perinatal health in metropolitan France between 1995 and 2003: results from the National Perinatal Surveys. Journal de Gynécologie Obstetrique et Biologie de la Réproduction 35, 373387.Google Scholar
Campbell, SB, Matestic, P, von Stauffenberg, C, Mohan, R, Kirchner, T (2007). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and children's functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology 43, 12021215.Google Scholar
Carroll, JC, Reid, AJ, Biringer, A, Midmer, D, Glazier, RH, Wilson, L, Permaul, JA, Pugh, P, Chalmers, B, Seddon, F, Stewart, DE (2005). Effectiveness of the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) form in detecting psychosocial concerns: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 173, 253259.Google Scholar
Cents, RAM, Diamantopoulou, S, Hudziak, JJ, Jaddoe, VWV, Hofman, A, Verhulst, FC, Lambregtse-van den Berg, MP, Tiemeier, H (2013). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms predict child problem behaviour: The Generation R Study. Psychological Medicine 43, 1325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, C, Caldwell, T, Power, C, Stansfeld, SA (2010). Does the influence of childhood adversity on psychopathology persist across the lifecourse? A 45-year prospective epidemiologic study. Annals of Epidemiology 20, 385394.Google Scholar
Clark, C, Pike, C, McManus, S, Harris, J, Bebbington, P, Brugha, T, Jenkins, R, Meltzer, H, Weich, S, Stansfeld, S (2012). The contribution of work and non-work stressors to common mental disorders in the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine 42, 829842.Google Scholar
Coleman, VH, Carter, MM, Morgan, MA, Schulkin, J (2008). Obstetrician-gynecologists' screening patterns for anxiety during pregnancy. Depression and Anxiety 25, 114123.Google Scholar
Connelly, CD, Baker-Ericzen, MJ, Hazen, AL, Landsverk, J, Horwitz, SM (2010). A model for maternal depression. Journal of Women's Health 19, 17471757.Google Scholar
Cooklin, AR, Rowe, HJ, Fisher, JR (2007). Employee entitlements during pregnancy and maternal psychological well-being. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 47, 483490.Google Scholar
Cox, JL, Holden, JM, Sagovsky, R (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry 150, 782786.Google Scholar
Darcy, JM, Grzywacz, JG, Stephens, RL, Leng, I, Clinch, CR, Arcury, TA (2011). Maternal depressive symptomatology: 16-month follow-up of infant and maternal health-related quality of life. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 24, 249257.Google Scholar
Dennis, CL, Dowswell, T (2013). Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, CD001134.Google Scholar
Drouillet, P, Forhan, A, De Lauzon-Guillain, B, Thiebaugeorges, O, Goua, V, Magnin, G, Schweitzer, M, Kaminski, M, Ducimetiere, P, Charles, MA (2009). Maternal fatty acid intake and fetal growth: evidence for an association in overweight women. The ‘EDEN mother-child’ cohort (study of pre- and early postnatal determinants of the child's development and health). British Journal of Nutrition 101, 583591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drouillet, P, Kaminski, M, De Lauzon-Guillain, B, Forhan, A, Ducimetiere, P, Schweitzer, M, Magnin, G, Goua, V, Thiebaugeorges, O, Charles, MA (2008). Association between maternal seafood consumption before pregnancy and fetal growth: evidence for an association in overweight women. The EDEN mother-child cohort. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 23, 7686.Google Scholar
Dunkel Schetter, C, Tanner, L (2012). Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current Opinions in Psychiatry 25, 141148.Google Scholar
Elsenbruch, S, Benson, S, Rucke, M, Rose, M, Dudenhausen, J, Pincus Knackstedt, MK, Klapp, BF, Arck, PC (2007). Social support during pregnancy: effects on maternal depressive symptoms, smoking and pregnancy outcome. Human Reproduction 22, 869877.Google Scholar
Ertel, KA, Rich-Edwards, JW, Koenen, KC (2011). Maternal depression in the United States: nationally representative rates and risks. Journal of Women's Health 20, 16091617.Google Scholar
Essex, MJ, Klein, MH, Miech, R, Smider, NA (2001). Timing of initial exposure to maternal major depression and children's mental health symptoms in kindergarten. British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 151156.Google Scholar
Farrell, M, Howes, S, Bebbington, P, Brugha, T, Jenkins, R, Lewis, G, Marsden, J, Taylor, C, Meltzer, H (2003). Nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence, and psychiatric comorbidity-results of a national household survey. International Review of Psychiatry 15, 5056.Google Scholar
Fihrer, I, McMahon, CA, Taylor, AJ (2009). The impact of postnatal and concurrent maternal depression on child behaviour during the early school years. Journal of Affective Disorders 119, 116123.Google Scholar
Fuhrer, R, Rouillon, F (1989). French version of the CES-D [in French]. Psychiatrie Psychobiologie 4, 163166.Google Scholar
Gaillard, A, Le Strat, Y, Mandelbrot, L, Keita, H, Dubertret, C (2014). Predictors of postpartum depression: prospective study of 264 women followed during pregnancy and postpartum. Psychiatry Research 28, 341346.Google Scholar
Giallo, R, Cooklin, A, Nicholson, JM (2014). Risk factors associated with trajectories of mothers’ depressive symptoms across the early parenting period: an Australian population-based longitudinal study. Archives of Women's Mental Health 17, 115125.Google Scholar
Goodman, JH, Tyer-Viola, L (2010). Detection, treatment, and referral of perinatal depression and anxiety by obstetrical providers. Journal of Womens Health 19, 477490.Google Scholar
Goodman, SH (2007). Depression in mothers. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 3, 107135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guedeney, N, Fermanian, J (1998). Validation study of the French version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): new results about use and psychometric properties. European Psychiatry 13, 8389.Google Scholar
Heron, J, O'Connor, TG, Evans, J, Golding, J, Glover, V (2004). The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders 80, 6573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horwitz, SM, Briggs-Gowan, MJ, Storfer-Isser, A, Carter, AS (2009). Persistence of maternal depressive symptoms throughout the early years of childhood. Journal of Women's Health 18, 637645.Google Scholar
Johnson, M, Schmeid, V, Lupton, SJ, Austin, MP, Matthey, SM, Kemp, L, Meade, T, Yeo, AE (2012). Measuring perinatal mental health risk. Archives of Women's Mental Health 15, 375386.Google Scholar
Joiner, TE, Walker, RL, Pettit, JW, Perez, M, Cukrowicz, KC (2005). Evidence-based assessment of depression in adults. Psychological Assessment 17, 267277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, BL, Nagin, DS (2007). Advances in group-based trajectory modeling and an SAS procedure for estimating them. Sociological Methods & Research 35, 542571.Google Scholar
Jones, BL, Nagin, DS, Roeder, K (2001). A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmental trajectories. Sociological Methods & Research 29, 374393.Google Scholar
Koleva, H, Stuart, S, O'Hara, MW, Bowman-Reif, J (2011). Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Archives of Women's Mental Health 14, 99105.Google Scholar
Le Strat, Y, Dubertret, C, Le Foll, B (2011). Prevalence and correlates of major depressive episode in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Journal of Affective Disorders 135, 128138.Google Scholar
Leigh, B, Milgrom, J (2008). Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress. BMC Psychiatry 8, 24.Google Scholar
Lindert, J, Schouler-Ocak, M, Heinz, A, Priebe, S (2008). Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe. European Psychiatry 23 (Suppl. 1), 1420.Google Scholar
Liu, CH, Tronick, E (2013). Re-conceptualising prenatal life stressors in predicting post-partum depression: Cumulative-, specific-, and domain-specific approaches to calculating risk. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 27, 481490.Google Scholar
Markon, KE, Chmielewski, M, Miller, CJ (2011). The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: a quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin 137, 856879.Google Scholar
Manuel, JI, Martinson, ML, Bledsoe-Mansori, SE, Bellamy, JL (2012). The influence of stress and social support on depressive symptoms in mothers with young children. Social Science and Medicine 75, 20132020.Google Scholar
Miyake, Y, Tanaka, K, Sasaki, S, Hirota, Y (2011). Employment, income, and education and risk of postpartum depression: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Journal of Affective Disorders 130, 133137.Google Scholar
Mora, PA, Bennett, IM, Elo, IT, Mathew, L, Coyne, JC, Culhane, JF (2009). Distinct trajectories of perinatal depressive symptomatology: evidence from growth mixture modeling. American Journal of Epidemiology 169, 2432.Google Scholar
Nagin, D (1999). Analyzing developmental trajectories: a semiparametric, group-based approach. Psychological Methods 4, 139157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, D (2005). Group-Based Modeling of Development. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Najman, JM, Andersen, MJ, Bor, W, O'Callaghan, MJ, Williams, GM (2000). Postnatal depression-myth and reality: maternal depression before and after the birth of a child. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 35, 1927.Google Scholar
O'Hara, MW, McCabe, JE (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9, 379407.Google Scholar
Orr, ST (2004). Social support and pregnancy outcome: a review of the literature. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 47, 842855.Google Scholar
Pereira, AT, Marques, M, Soares, MJ, Maia, BR, Bos, S, Valente, J, Nogueira, V, Roque, C, Madeira, N, Macedo, A (2014). Profile of depressive symptoms in women in the perinatal and outside the perinatal period: similar or not? Journal of Affective Disorders 166, 7178.Google Scholar
Radloff, LS (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1, 385401.Google Scholar
Robertson, E, Grace, S, Wallington, T, Stewart, DE (2004). Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. General Hospital Psychiatry 26, 289295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubertsson, C, Wickberg, B, Gustavsson, P, Radestad, I (2005). Depressive symptoms in early pregnancy, two months and one year postpartum-prevalence and psychosocial risk factors in a national Swedish sample. Archives of Women's Mental Health 8, 97104.Google Scholar
Ruhm, CJ, Teague, JL (1998). Parental leave policies in Europe and North America. In Women in the Labour Market, volume 2 (ed. Ferber, M. A.), pp. 133156. Elgar Reference Collection: Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, Mass.Google Scholar
Seimyr, L, Welles-Nyström, B, Nissen, E (2013). A history of mental health problems may predict maternal distress in women postpartum. Midwifery 29, 122131.Google Scholar
Seto, M, Cornelius, MD, Goldschmidt, L, Morimoto, K, Day, NL (2005). Long-term effects of chronic depressive symptoms among low-income childrearing mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal 9, 263271.Google Scholar
Siegrist, J (2008). Chronic psychosocial stress at work and risk of depression: evidence from prospective studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 258 (Suppl. 5), 115119.Google Scholar
Siegrist, J, Starke, D, Chandola, T, Godin, I, Marmot, M, Niedhammer, I, Peter, R (2004). The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine 58, 14831499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skipstein, A, Janson, H, Kjeldsen, A, Nilsen, W, Mathiesen, KS (2012). Trajectories of maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety over 13 years: the influence of stress, social support, and maternal temperament. BMC Public Health 12, 1120.Google Scholar
Skipstein, A, Janson, H, Stoolmiller, M, Mathiesen, KS (2010). Trajectories of maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression. A 13-year longitudinal study of a population-based sample. BMC Public Health 10, 589.Google Scholar
Skouteris, H, Wertheim, EH, Rallis, S, Milgrom, J, Paxton, SJ (2009). Depression and anxiety through pregnancy and the early postpartum: an examination of prospective relationships. Journal of Affective Disorders 113, 303308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, LJ, Higgins, ST, Heil, SH, Badger, GJ, Mongeon, JA, Bernstein, IM (2006). Psychological symptoms following smoking cessation in pregnant smokers. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 29, 151160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, CD, Gorsuch, RL, Lushene, PR, Vagg, PR, Jacobs, AG (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.: Palo Alto.Google Scholar
Sutter-Dallay, AL, Cosnefroy, O, Glatigny-Dallay, E, Verdoux, H, Rascle, N (2012). Evolution of perinatal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to two years postpartum in a low-risk sample: The MATQUID cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders 139, 2329.Google Scholar
Sutter-Dallay, AL, Giaconne-Marcesche, V, Glatigny-Dallay, E, Verdoux, H (2004). Women with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort. European Psychiatry 19, 459463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutter-Dallay, AL, Murray, L, Dequae-Merchadou, L, Glatigny-Dallay, E, Bourgeois, ML, Verdoux, H (2011). A prospective longitudinal study of the impact of early postnatal vs. chronic maternal depressive symptoms on child development. European Psychiatry 26, 484489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teissedre, F, Chabrol, H (2004). A study of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) on 859 mothers: detection of mothers at risk for postpartum depression. Encephale 30, 376381.Google Scholar
Turney, K (2012). Pathways of disadvantage: explaining the relationship between maternal depression and children's problem behaviors. Social Science Research 41, 15461564.Google Scholar
van Vegchel, N, de Jonge, J, Bosma, H, Schaufeli, W (2005). Reviewing the effort–reward imbalance model: drawing up the balance of 45 empirical studies. Social Science & Medicine 60, 11171131.Google Scholar
Vänskä, M, Punamäki, RL, Tolvanen, A, Lindblom, J, Flykt, M, Unkila-Kallio, L, Tiitinen, A, Repokari, L, Sinkkonen, J, Tulppala, M (2011). Maternal pre- and postnatal mental health trajectories and child mental health and development: Prospective study in a normative and formerly infertile sample. International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, 517531.Google Scholar
Viau, PA, Padula, CA, Eddy, B (2002). An exploration of health concerns and health-promotion behaviors in pregnant women over age 35. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 27, 328334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vliegen, N, Casalin, S, Luyten, P (2014). The course of postpartum depression: a review of longitudinal studies. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 22, 122.Google Scholar
Wang, L, Wu, T, Anderson, JL, Florence, JE (2011). Prevalence and risk factors of maternal depression during the first three years of child rearing. Journal of Women's Health 20, 711718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woolhouse, H, Gartland, D, Mensah, F, Brown, S (2015). Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 122, 312321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynter, K, Rowe, H, Fisher, J (2013). Common mental disorders in women and men in the first six months after the birth of their first infant: a community study in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Affective Disorders 151, 980985.Google Scholar
Zhu, SH, Valbo, A (2002). Depression and smoking during pregnancy. Addictive Behaviors 27, 649658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed