Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:44:04.198Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Observed psychopathology in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2019

A. Sandstrom Open the ORCID record for A. Sandstrom [Opens in a new window] ,
L. MacKenzie ,
A. Pizzo ,
A. Fine ,
S. Rempel ,
C. Howard ,
M. Stephens ,
V. C. Patterson ,
V. Drobinin  and
H. Van Gestel
...Show all authors
A. Sandstrom
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
L. MacKenzie
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
A. Pizzo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
A. Fine
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
S. Rempel
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
C. Howard
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
M. Stephens
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
V. C. Patterson
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
V. Drobinin
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
H. Van Gestel
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
E. Howes Vallis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
A. Zwicker
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
L. Propper
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
S. Abidi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
A. Bagnell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
D. Lovas
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
J. Cumby
Affiliation:
Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
M. Alda
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
R. Uher
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
B. Pavlova*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: B. Pavlova, E-mail: barbara.pavlova@dal.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Children of parents with mood and psychotic disorders are at elevated risk for a range of behavioral and emotional problems. However, as the usual reporter of psychopathology in children is the parent, reports of early problems in children of parents with mood and psychotic disorders may be biased by the parents' own experience of mental illness and their mental state.

Methods

Independent observers rated psychopathology using the Test Observation Form in 378 children and youth between the ages of 4 and 24 (mean = 11.01, s.d. = 4.40) who had a parent with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or no history of mood and psychotic disorders.

Results

Observed attentional problems were elevated in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (effect sizes ranging between 0.31 and 0.56). Oppositional behavior and language/thought problems showed variable degrees of elevation (effect sizes 0.17 to 0.57) across the three high-risk groups, with the greatest difficulties observed in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Observed anxiety was increased in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (effect sizes 0.19 and 0.25 respectively) but not in offspring of parents with schizophrenia.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that externalizing problems and cognitive and language difficulties may represent a general manifestation of familial risk for mood and psychotic disorders, while anxiety may be a specific marker of liability for mood disorders. Observer assessment may improve early identification of risk and selection of youth who may benefit from targeted prevention.

Keywords

Anxietybipolar disorderdepressionhigh-risk offspringobservational measurerisk factorsschizophreniatest observation form
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 6 , April 2020 , pp. 1050 - 1056
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achim, AM, Maziade, M, Raymond, É, Olivier, D, Mérette, C and Roy, MA (2011) How prevalent are anxiety disorders in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and critical review on a significant association. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 811–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arican, I, Bass, N, Neelam, K, Wolfe, K, McQuillin, A and Giaroli, G (2019) Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 139, 89–96.10.1111/acps.12948CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birmaher, B, Axelson, D, Monk, K, Kalas, C, Goldstein, B, Hickey, MB, Obreja, M, Ehmann, M, Iyengar, S, Shamseddeen, W, Kupfer, D and Brent, D (2009) Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: The Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 287–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brainstorm Consortium (2018) Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science 360, 1–12.Google Scholar
Caspi, A, Henry, B, McGee, RO, Moffitt, TE and Silva, PA (1995) Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: from age three to fifteen. Child Development 66, 55–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çöp, E, Çengel Kültür, SE and Şenses Dınç, G (2017) Association between parenting styles and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 28, 1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Ellersgaard, D, Plessen, KJ, Jepsen, JRM, Spang, KS, Hemager, N, Burton, BK, Christiani, CJ, Gregersen, M, Søndergaard, A, Uddin, MJ, Poulsen, G, Greve, A, Gantriis, D, Mors, O, Nordentoft, M and Thorup, AAE (2018) Psychopathology in 7-year-old children with familial high risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum psychosis or bipolar disorder – the Danish high risk and resilience study – VIA 7, a population-based cohort study. World Psychiatry 17, 210–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endicott, J and Spitzer, RL (1979) Use of the research diagnostic criteria and the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia to study affective disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry 136, 52–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Fava, M, Rankin, MA, Wright, EC, Alpert, JE, Nierenberg, AA, Pava, J and Rosenbaum, JF (2000) Anxiety disorders in major depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 41, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, MB, Williams, JBW, Karg, RS and Spitzer, RL (2015) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 – Research Version (SCID-5-RV). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar
Harmancı, H, Çam Çelikel, F and Etikan, İ (2016) Comorbidity of adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in bipolar and unipolar patients. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 53, 257–262.10.5152/npa.2015.11328CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, PD (2011) Mood symptoms, cognition, and everyday functioning in major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience 8, 14–18.Google Scholar
Huang, CY, Liao, HY and Chang, SH (1998) Social desirability and the clinical self-report inventory: Methodological reconsideration. Journal of Clinical Psychology 54, 517–528.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199806)54:4<517::AID-JCLP13>3.0.CO;2-I3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jepsen, JRM, Fagerlund, B and Mortensen, EL (2009) Do attention deficits influence IQ assessment in children and adolescents with ADHD? Journal of Attention Disorders 12, 551–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judd, LL, Akiskal, HS, Maser, JD, Zeller, PJ, Endicott, J, Coryell, W, Paulus, MP, Kunovac, JL, Leon, AC, Mueller, TI, Rice, JA and Keller, MB (1998) Major depressive disorder: a prospective study of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms as predictor of rapid relapse. Journal of Affective Disorders 50, 97–108.10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00138-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J, Birmaher, B, Brent, D, Rao, U, Flynn, C, Moreci, P, Williamson, D and Ryan, N (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 980–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Amminger, GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Lee, S and Üstün, TB (2007) Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20, 359–364.10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8cCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SY and Ge, X (2000) Parenting practices and adolescent depressive symptoms in Chinese American Families. Journal of Family Psychology 14, 420–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langrock, AM, Compas, BE, Keller, G, Merchant, MJ and Copeland, ME (2002) Coping with the stress of parental depression: parents’ reports of children's coping, emotional, and behavioral problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 31, 312–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKenzie, L, Uher, R and Pavlova, B (2019) Cognition in first degree relatives of individuals with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 76, 297–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maoz, H, Goldstein, T, Goldstein, BI, Axelson, DA, Fan, J, Hickey, MB, Monk, K, Sakolsky, D, Diler, RS, Brent, D, Kupfer, DJ and Birmaher, B (2014) The effects of parental mood on reports of their children's psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 53, 1111–1122.10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maziade, M, Gingras, N, Rouleau, N, Poulin, S, Jomphe, V, Paradis, ME, Merette, C and Roy, MA (2008) Clinical diagnoses in young offspring from eastern Québec multigenerational families densely affected by schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 117, 118–126.Google ScholarPubMed
McConaughy, SH and Achenbach, TM (2004) Manual for the Test Observation Form for Ages 2–18. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.Google Scholar
Najman, JM, Williams, GM, Nikles, J, Spence, S, Bor, W, O'Callaghan, M, Le Brocque, R and Andersen, MJ (2000) Mothers’ mental illness and child behavior problems: Cause–effect association or observation bias? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 592–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nurnberger, JI, McInnis, M, Reich, W, Kastelic, E, Wilcox, HC, Glowinski, A, Mitchell, P, Fisher, C, Erpe, M, Gershon, ES, Berrettini, W, Laite, G, Schweitzer, R, Rhoadarmer, K, Coleman, VV, Cai, X, Azzouz, F, Liu, H, Kamali, M, Brucksch, C and Monahan, PO (2011) A high-risk study of bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 68, 1012–1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olesen, AV and Mortensen, PB (2002) Readmission risk in schizophrenia: selection explains previous findings of a progressive course of disorder. Psychological Medicine 32, 1301–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlova, B, Perlis, RH, Alda, M and Uher, R (2015) Lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 2, 710–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlova, B, Perlis, RH, Mantere, O, Sellgren, C, Isometsä, E, Mitchell, PB, Alda, M and Uher, R (2017) Prevalence of current anxiety disorders in people with bipolar disorder during euthymia: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 47, 1107–1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pechtel, P and Pizzagalli, DA (2011) Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology 214, 55–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasic, D, Hajek, T, Alda, M and Uher, R (2014) Risk of mental illness in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of family high-risk studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40, 28–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratnasingham, S, Cairney, J, Rehm, J, Manson, H and Kurdyak, PA (2012) Opening eyes, Opening Minds: The Ontario Burden of Mental Illness and Addictions Report. ICES.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raymond Lake, C (2008) Disorders of thought are severe mood disorders: the selective attention defect in mania challenges the Kraepelinian dichotomy a review. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, EM, Donenberg, GR, Emerson, E, Wilson, HW, Brown, LK and Houck, C (2014) Family environment, coping, and mental health in adolescents attending therapeutic day schools. Journal of Adolescence 37, 1133–1142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J, Martin, G, Welham, J, Bor, W, Najman, J, O'Callaghan, M, William, G, Aird, R and McGrath, J (2009) Psychopathology during childhood and adolescence predicts delusional-like experiences in adults: a 21-year birth cohort study. The American Journal of Psychiatry 166, 567–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
StataCorp (2017) Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.Google Scholar
Trampush, JW, Yang, MLZ, Yu, J, Knowles, E, Davies, G, Liewald, DC, Starr, JM, Djurovic, S, Melle, I, Sundet, K, Christoforou, A, Reinvang, I, DeRosse, P, Lundervold, AJ, Steen, VM, Espeseth, T, Räikkönen, K, Widen, E, Palotie, A, Eriksson, JG, Giegling, I, Konte, B, Roussos, P, Giakoumaki, S, Burdick, KE, Payton, A, Ollier, W, Horan, M, Chiba-Falek, O, Attix, DK, Need, AC, Cirulli, ET, Voineskos, AN, Stefanis, NC, Avramopoulos, D, Hatzimanolis, A, Arking, DE, Smyrnis, N, Bilder, RM, Freimer, NA, Cannon, TD, London, E, Poldrack, RA, Sabb, FW, Congdon, E, Conley, ED, Scult, MA, Dickinson, D, Straub, RE, Donohoe, G, Morris, D, Corvin, A, Gill, M, Hariri, AR, Weinberger, DR, Pendleton, N, Bitsios, P, Rujescu, D, Lahti, J, Le Hellard, S, Keller, MC, Andreassen, OA, Deary, IJ, Glahn, DC, Malhotra, AK and Lencz, T (2017) GWAS meta-analysis reveals novel loci and genetic correlates for general cognitive function: a report from the COGENT consortium. Molecular Psychiatry 22, 336–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uher, R and Goodman, R (2010) The Everyday Feeling Questionnaire: the structure and validation of a measure of general psychological well-being and distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 45, 413–423.10.1007/s00127-009-0074-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uher, R, Cumby, J, MacKenzie, LE, Morash-Conway, J, Glover, JM, Aylott, A, Propper, L, Abidi, S, Bagnell, A, Pavlova, B, Hajek, T, Lovas, D, Pajer, K, Gardner, W, Levy, A and Alda, M (2014) A familial risk enriched cohort as a platform for testing early interventions to prevent severe mental illness. BMC Psychiatry 14, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uher, R, Pallaskorpi, S, Suominen, K, Mantere, O, Pavlova, B and Isometsä, E (2019) Clinical course predicts long-term outcomes in bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine 49, 1109–1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Santvoort, F, Hosman, CMH, Janssens, JMAM, Van Doesum, KTM, Reupert, A and Van Loon, LMA (2015) The impact of various parental mental disorders on children's diagnoses: a systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 18, 281–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Sandstrom et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S3

Download Sandstrom et al. supplementary material(File)
File 24.2 KB