Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T14:55:43.780Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neural response to monetary and social rewards and familial risk for psychopathology in adolescent females

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2024

Clare C. Beatty Open the ORCID record for Clare C. Beatty [Opens in a new window] ,
Kelly Gair ,
Joy Anatala ,
Daniel N. Klein ,
Greg Hajcak  and
Brady D. Nelson
Clare C. Beatty*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Kelly Gair
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Joy Anatala
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Daniel N. Klein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Greg Hajcak
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Brady D. Nelson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
*
Corresponding author: Clare C. Beatty; Email: clare.beatty@stonybrook.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Adolescence is a key developmental period for the emergence of psychopathology. Reward-related brain activity increases across adolescence and has been identified as a potential neurobiological mechanism of risk for different forms of psychopathology. The reward positivity (RewP) is an event-related potential component that indexes reward system activation and has been associated with both concurrent and family history of psychopathology. However, it is unclear whether the RewP is also associated with higher-order psychopathology subfactors and whether this relationship is present across different types of reward.

Methods

In a sample of 193 adolescent females and a biological parent, the present study examined the association between adolescent and parental psychopathology subfactors and adolescent RewP to monetary and social reward.

Results

Results indicated that the adolescent and parental distress subfactors were negatively associated with the adolescent domain-general RewP. The adolescent and parental positive mood subfactors were negatively associated with the adolescent domain-general and domain-specific monetary RewP, respectively. Conversely, the adolescent and parental fear/obsessions subfactors were positively associated with the adolescent domain-general RewP. The associations between parental and adolescent psychopathology subfactors and the adolescent RewP were independent of each other.

Conclusions

The RewP in adolescent females is associated with both concurrent and parental psychopathology symptoms, suggesting that it indexes both severity and risk for higher-order subfactors.

Keywords

adolescenceanxietydepressionevent-related potentialsreward
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , First View , pp. 1 - 11
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ait Oumeziane, B., Jones, O., & Foti, D. (2019). Neural sensitivity to social and monetary reward in depression: Clarifying general and domain-specific deficits. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albert, D., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Peer influences on adolescent decision making. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 114–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Google Scholar
Badcock, P., & Allen, N. (2003). Adaptive social reasoning in depressed mood and depressive vulnerability. Cognition & Emotion, 17(4), 647–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banica, I., Schell, S. E., Racine, S. E., & Weinberg, A. (2022). Associations between different facets of anhedonia and neural response to monetary, social, and food reward in emerging adults. Biological Psychology, 172, 108363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar-Haim, Y., Fox, N. A., Benson, B., Guyer, A. E., Williams, A., Nelson, E. E., … Ernst, M. (2009). Neural correlates of reward processing in adolescents with a history of inhibited temperament. Psychological Science, 20(8), 1009–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beatty, C. C., Ferry, R. A., Eaton, N. R., Klein, D. N., & Nelson, B. D. (2023). Neurobiological sensitivity to unpredictable threat and familial risk for the internalizing and externalizing spectra in adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 53(12), 5395–5404. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722002434CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belden, A. C., Irvin, K., Hajcak, G., Kappenman, E. S., Kelly, D., Karlow, S., … Barch, D. M. (2016). Neural correlates of reward processing in depressed and healthy preschool-Age children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(12), 1081–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bijttebier, P., Beck, I., Claes, L., & Vandereycken, W. (2009). Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as a framework for research on personality–psychopathology associations. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(5), 421–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjork, J. M., Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Caggiano, D. M., Bennett, S. M., & Hommer, D. W. (2004). Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: Similarities and differences from young adults. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 24(8), 1793–1802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bress, J. N., Foti, D., Kotov, R., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2013). Blunted neural response to rewards prospectively predicts depression in adolescent girls. Psychophysiology, 50(1), 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bress, J. N., & Hajcak, G. (2013). Self-report and behavioral measures of reward sensitivity predict the feedback negativity. Psychophysiology, 50(7), 610–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bress, J. N., Meyer, A., & Hajcak, G. (2015a). Differentiating anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 44(2), 238–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bress, J. N., Meyer, A., & Proudfit, G. H. (2015b). The stability of the feedback negativity and its relationship with depression during childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4pt1), 1285–1294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bress, J. N., Smith, E., Foti, D., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2012). Neural response to reward and depressive symptoms in late childhood to early adolescence. Biological Psychology, 89(1), 156–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(2), 179–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brush, C. J., Ehmann, P. J., Hajcak, G., Selby, E. A., & Alderman, B. L. (2018). Using multilevel modeling to examine blunted neural responses to reward in major depression. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(12), 1032–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burani, K., Mulligan, E. M., Klawohn, J., Luking, K. R., Nelson, B. D., & Hajcak, G. (2019). Longitudinal increases in reward-related neural activity in early adolescence: Evidence from event-related potentials (ERPs). Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 36, 100620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkhouse, K. L., Gorka, S. M., Afshar, K., & Phan, K. L. (2017). Neural reactivity to reward and internalizing symptom dimensions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 217, 73–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, J. M., Foti, D., Mujica-Parodi, L. R., Harmon-Jones, E., & Hajcak, G. (2011). Ventral striatal and medial prefrontal BOLD activation is correlated with reward-related electrocortical activity: A combined ERP and fMRI study. NeuroImage, 57(4), 1608–1616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, B. J., Duhoux, S., & Malter Cohen, M. (2010). Adolescence: What do transmission, transition, and translation have to do with it? Neuron, 67(5), 749–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 111–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, R. C. K., Li, Z., Li, K., Zeng, Y.-W., Xie, W.-Z., Yan, C., … Jin, Z. (2016). Distinct processing of social and monetary rewards in late adolescents with trait anhedonia. Neuropsychology, 30(3), 274–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(4), 597–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., & Dour, H. J. (2016). Treatment for anhedonia: A neuroscience driven approach. Depression and Anxiety, 33(10), 927–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniel, R., & Pollmann, S. (2014). A universal role of the ventral striatum in reward-based learning: Evidence from human studies. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 114, 90–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Distefano, A., Jackson, F., Levinson, A. R., Infantolino, Z. P., Jarcho, J. M., & Nelson, B. D. (2018). A comparison of the electrocortical response to monetary and social reward. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(3), 247–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Wall, M., … Grant, B. F. (2013). The structure and predictive validity of the internalizing disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 86–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Leibenluft, E., … Pine, D. S. (2005). Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents. NeuroImage, 25(4), 1279–1291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ethridge, P., Kujawa, A., Dirks, M. A., Arfer, K. B., Kessel, E. M., Klein, D. N., & Weinberg, A. (2017). Neural responses to social and monetary reward in early adolescence and emerging adulthood. Psychophysiology, 54(12), 1786–1799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, E. E., & Casement, M. D. (2019). Reward disruption in the development of depression. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Emotion and Psychopathology, 639, 482–495.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. E., Christopher May, J., Siegle, G. J., Ladouceur, C. D., Ryan, N. D., Carter, C. S., … Dahl, R. E. (2006). Reward-related decision-making in pediatric major depressive disorder: An fMRI study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 47(10), 1031–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Phillips, M. L., Manuck, S. B., Worthman, C. M., Moyles, D. L., … Dahl, R. E. (2010). Healthy adolescents’ neural response to reward: Associations with puberty, positive affect, and depressive symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(2), 162–172, e5.Google ScholarPubMed
Foti, D., Carlson, J. M., Sauder, C. L., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014). Reward dysfunction in major depression: Multimodal neuroimaging evidence for refining the melancholic phenotype. NeuroImage, 101, 50–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2009). Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: Evidence from event-related potentials. Biological Psychology, 81(1), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foti, D., Kotov, R., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2011). Abnormal neural sensitivity to monetary gains versus losses among adolescents at risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(7), 913–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, C., Ethridge, P., Banica, I., Sandre, A., Dirks, M. A., Kujawa, A., & Weinberg, A. (2022). Neural response to rewarding social feedback in never-depressed adolescent girls and their mothers with remitted depression: Associations with multiple risk indices. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 131(2), 141–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galvan, A. (2010). Adolescent development of the reward system. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 6.Google ScholarPubMed
Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2007). Risk-taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk? Developmental Science, 10(2), F8–F14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glazer, J. E., Kelley, N. J., Pornpattananangkul, N., & Nusslock, R. (2019). Hypomania and depression associated with distinct neural activity for immediate and future rewards. Psychophysiology, 56(3), e13301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gratton, G., Coles, M. G., & Donchin, E. (1983). A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55(4), 468–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2003). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011). A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 6(3), 222–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, R., Huang, Y.-X., & Luo, Y.-J. (2010). Anxiety and feedback negativity. Psychophysiology, 47(5), 961–967.Google ScholarPubMed
Guyer, A. E., Choate, V. R., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2012). Neural circuitry underlying affective response to peer feedback in adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(1), 81–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyer, A. E., Nelson, E. E., Perez-Edgar, K., Hardin, M. G., Roberson-Nay, R., Monk, C. S., … Ernst, M. (2006). Striatal functional alteration in adolescents characterized by early childhood behavioral inhibition. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 26(24), 6399–6405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrewijn, A., Schmidt, L. A., Westenberg, P. M., Tang, A., & van der Molen, M. J. W. (2017). Electrocortical measures of information processing biases in social anxiety disorder: A review. Biological Psychology, 129, 324–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Izuma, K., Saito, D. N., & Sadato, N. (2008). Processing of social and monetary rewards in the human striatum. Neuron, 58(2), 284–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, B. A., Matanky, K., Aviram, G., & Yovel, I. (2020). Reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model. Clinical Psychology Review, 77, 101842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessel, E. M., Kujawa, A., Hajcak Proudfit, G., & Klein, D. N. (2015). Neural reactivity to monetary rewards and losses differentiates social from generalized anxiety in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 56(7), 792–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005a). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62(6), 593. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005b). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimbrel, N. A. (2008). A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 592–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kujawa, A., Arfer, K. B., Klein, D. N., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014a). Electrocortical reactivity to social feedback in youth: A pilot study of the Island Getaway task. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 140–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kujawa, A., & Burkhouse, K. L. (2017). Vulnerability to depression in youth: Advances from affective neuroscience. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2(1), 28–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kujawa, A., Proudfit, G. H., Kessel, E. M., Dyson, M., Olino, T., & Klein, D. N. (2015). Neural reactivity to monetary rewards and losses in childhood: Longitudinal and concurrent associations with observed and self-reported positive emotionality. Biological Psychology, 104, 41–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kujawa, A., Proudfit, G. H., & Klein, D. N. (2014b). Neural reactivity to rewards and losses in offspring of mothers and fathers with histories of depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), 287–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, R., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Graef, R. (1980). Mood variability and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9(6), 469–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, R. W., & Richards, M. H. (1994). Family emotions: Do young adolescents and their parents experience the same states? Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 4(4), 567–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levinson, A. R., Speed, B. C., Infantolino, Z. P., & Hajcak, G. (2017). Reliability of the electrocortical response to gains and losses in the doors task. Psychophysiology, 54(4), 601–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Seeley, J. R., & Rohde, P. (1994). Major depression in community adolescents: Age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(6), 809–818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, A., Adolphs, R., & Rangel, A. (2012). Social and monetary reward learning engage overlapping neural substrates. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(3), 274–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, W.-H., Wang, L.-Z., Shang, H.-R., Shen, Y., Li, Z., Cheung, E. F. C., & Chan, R. C. K. (2014). The influence of anhedonia on feedback negativity in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychologia, 53, 213–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, V. I., Cieslik, E. C., Serbanescu, I., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2017). Altered brain activity in unipolar depression revisited: Meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 47–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulligan, E., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., Eckel, L., & Hajcak, G. (2023). Menstrual cycle modulation of neural reward responsiveness and its associations with anhedonia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 153, 106136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, B. D., & Jarcho, J. M. (2021). Neural response to monetary and social feedback demonstrate differential associations with depression and social anxiety. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16(10), 1048–1056. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, B. D., Perlman, G., Hajcak, G., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R. (2015). Familial risk for distress and fear disorders and emotional reactivity in adolescence: An event-related potential investigation. Psychological Medicine, 45(12), 2545–2556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, B. D., Perlman, G., Klein, D. N., Kotov, R., & Hajcak, G. (2016). Blunted neural response to rewards as a prospective predictor of the development of depression in adolescent girls. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(12), 1223–1230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nusslock, R., Abramson, L. Y., Harmon-Jones, E., Alloy, L. B., & Hogan, M. E. (2007). A goal-striving life event and the onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms: Perspective from the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 105–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pegg, S., Arfer, K. B., & Kujawa, A. (2021). Altered reward responsiveness and depressive symptoms: An examination of social and monetary reward domains and interactions with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 717–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizzagalli, D. A., Holmes, A. J., Dillon, D. G., Goetz, E. L., Birk, J. L., Bogdan, R., … Fava, M. (2009). Reduced caudate and nucleus accumbens response to rewards in unmedicated individuals with major depressive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(6), 702–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proudfit, G. H. (2015). The reward positivity: From basic research on reward to a biomarker for depression. Psychophysiology, 52(4), 449–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rademacher, L., Krach, S., Kohls, G., Irmak, A., Gründer, G., & Spreckelmeyer, K. N. (2010). Dissociation of neural networks for anticipation and consumption of monetary and social rewards. NeuroImage, 49(4), 3276–3285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russo, S. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2013). The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(9), 609–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sescousse, G., Caldú, X., Segura, B., & Dreher, J.-C. (2013). Processing of primary and secondary rewards: A quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(4), 681–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silk, J. S., Davis, S., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., & Forbes, E. E. (2012). Why do anxious children become depressed teenagers? The role of social evaluative threat and reward processing. Psychological Medicine, 42(10), 2095–2107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spreckelmeyer, K. N., Krach, S., Kohls, G., Rademacher, L., Irmak, A., Konrad, K., … Gründer, G. (2009). Anticipation of monetary and social reward differently activates mesolimbic brain structures in men and women. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(2), 158–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treadway, M. T., & Zald, D. H. (2011). Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: Lessons from translational neuroscience. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 537–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treadway, M. T., & Zald, D. H. (2013). Parsing anhedonia: Translational models of reward-processing deficits in psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 244–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urošević, S., Halverson, T., Youngstrom, E. A., & Luciana, M. (2018). Probabilistic reinforcement learning abnormalities and their correlates in adolescent bipolar disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(8), 807–817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Veen, F. M., van der Molen, M. J. W., van der Molen, M. W., & Franken, I. H. A. (2016). Thumbs up or thumbs down? Effects of neuroticism and depressive symptoms on psychophysiological responses to social evaluation in healthy students. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(5), 836–847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verma, S., & Larson, R. (1999). Are adolescents more emotional? A study of the daily emotions of middle class Indian adolescents1. Psychology and Developing Societies 11(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369901100204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollebergh, W. A., Iedema, J., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., Smit, F., & Ormel, J. (2001). The structure and stability of common mental disorders: The NEMESIS study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 597–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. (2005a). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 522–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. (2005b). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114(4), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.522CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., & O'Hara, M. W. (2017). Understanding the emotional disorders: A symptom-level approach based on the IDAS-II. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199301096.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., Naragon-Gainey, K., Koffel, E., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., … Ruggero, C. J. (2012). Development and validation of new anxiety and bipolar symptom scales for an expanded version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II). Assessment, 19(4), 399–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, A., Liu, H., Hajcak, G., & Shankman, S. A. (2015). Blunted neural response to rewards as a vulnerability factor for depression: Results from a family study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(4), 878–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitton, A. E., Kakani, P., Foti, D., Van't Veer, A., Haile, A., Crowley, D. J., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2016). Blunted neural responses to reward in remitted major depression: A high-density event-related potential study. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 1(1), 87–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Beatty et al. supplementary material
Download undefined(File)
File 21 KB