Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8bljj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-06T23:50:47.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Movement disorders are associated with schizotypy in unaffected siblings of patients with non-affective psychosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2011

J. P. Koning ,
D. E. Tenback ,
R. S. Kahn ,
M. G. Vollema ,
W. Cahn  and
P. N. van Harten
J. P. Koning*
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Centre Symfora Group, Amersfoort, The Netherlands Rudolph Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
D. E. Tenback
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Centre Symfora Group, Amersfoort, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
R. S. Kahn
Affiliation:
Rudolph Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
M. G. Vollema
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Centre Meerkanten Flevo-Veluwe, Ermelo, The Netherlands
W. Cahn
Affiliation:
Rudolph Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
P. N. van Harten
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Centre Symfora Group, Amersfoort, The Netherlands Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr J. P. Koning, c/o Mrs T. van Polanen, Symfora groep, Medisch centrum, PO Box 3051, 3800 DB Amersfoort, The Netherlands. (Email: jpf.koning@symfora.nl)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Movement disorders and schizotypy are both prevalent in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia and both are associated with the risk of developing psychosis or schizophrenia. However, to date there has been no research into the association between these two vulnerability factors in persons with an increased genetic risk profile. We hypothesized that unaffected siblings of patients with non-affective psychosis have more movement disorders and schizotypy than healthy controls and that these co-occur.

Method

In a cross-sectional design we assessed the prevalence and inter-relationship of movement disorders and schizotypy in 115 unaffected siblings (mean age 27 years, 44% males) and 100 healthy controls (mean age 26 years, 51% males). Movement disorders were measured with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), and one separate item for dystonia. Schizotypy was assessed with the Structured Interview for Schizotypy – Revised (SIS-R).

Results

There were significant differences in the prevalence of movement disorders in unaffected siblings versus healthy controls (10% v. 1%, p<0.01) but not in the prevalence of schizotypy. Unaffected siblings with a movement disorder displayed significantly more positive and total schizotypy (p=0.02 and 0.03 respectively) than those without. In addition, dyskinesia correlated with positive schizotypy (r=0.51, p=0.02).

Conclusions

The association between movement disorders (dyskinesia in particular) with positive and total schizotypy in unaffected siblings suggests that certain vulnerability factors for psychosis or schizophrenia cluster in a subgroup of subjects with an increased genetic risk of developing the disease.

Keywords

Movement disorderspsychosis riskrisk factorsschizophreniaschizotypysiblings
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 41 , Issue 10 , October 2011 , pp. 2141 - 2147
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abi-Dargham, A, Kegeles, LS, Zea-Ponce, Y, Mawlawi, O, Martinez, D, Mitropoulou, V, O'Flynn, K, Koenigsberg, HW, Van Heertum, R, Cooper, T, Laruelle, M, Siever, LJ (2004). Striatal amphetamine-induced dopamine release in patients with schizotypal personality disorder studied with single photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodobenzamide. Biological Psychiatry 55, 1001–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APA (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, text revision. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Appels, MC, Sitskoorn, MM, Vollema, MG, Kahn, RS (2004). Elevated levels of schizotypal features in parents of patients with a family history of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30, 781–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, TR (1989). A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 672–676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, ME, Curtis, CE, Grove, WM, Iacono, WG (2004). Multiple dimensions of schizotypy in first degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30, 317–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, TD, Cadenhead, K, Cornblatt, B, Woods, SW, Addington, J, Walker, E, Seidman, LJ, Perkins, D, Tsuang, M, McGlashan, T, Heinssen, R (2008). Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, 28–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardno, AG, Marshall, EJ, Coid, B, Macdonald, AM, Ribchester, TR, Davies, NJ, Venturi, P, Jones, LA, Lewis, SW, Sham, PC, Gottesman, II, Farmer, AE, McGuffin, P, Reveley, AM, Murray, RM (1999). Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 162–168.Google Scholar
Carlsson, A (1988). The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1, 179–186.Google Scholar
Casey, DE (2004). Pathophysiology of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 (Suppl. 9), 25–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Dean, CE, Russell, JM, Kuskowski, MA, Caligiuri, MP, Nugent, SM (2004). Clinical rating scales and instruments: how do they compare in assessing abnormal, involuntary movements? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 24, 298–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delawalla, Z, Barch, DM, Fisher Eastep, JL, Thomason, ES, Hanewinkel, MJ, Thompson, PA, Csernansky, JG (2006). Factors mediating cognitive deficits and psychopathology among siblings of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 525–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, MF, Hyde, TM, Bonomo, JB, Mattay, VS, Bigelow, LB, Goldberg, TE, Weinberger, DR (2001). Relative risk of neurological signs in siblings of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1827–1834.Google Scholar
Glazer, WM (2000). Review of incidence studies of tardive dyskinesia associated with typical antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61 (Suppl. 4), 15–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Grove, WM, Lebow, BS, Clementz, BA, Cerri, A, Medus, C, Iacono, WG (1991). Familial prevalence and coaggregation of schizotypy indicators: a multitrait family study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100, 115–121.Google Scholar
Guy, W (1976). Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). In ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, pp. 534–537. National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department Health and Human Services: Rockville, MD.Google Scholar
Howes, OD, Kapur, S (2009). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III – the final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 549–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howes, OD, Montgomery, AJ, Asselin, MC, Murray, RM, Valli, I, Tabraham, P, Bramon-Bosch, E, Valmaggia, L, Johns, L, Broome, M, McGuire, PK, Grasby, PM (2009). Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 13–20.Google Scholar
Huttunen, J, Heinimaa, M, Svirskis, T, Nyman, M, Kajander, J, Forsback, S, Solin, O, Ilonen, T, Korkeila, J, Ristkari, T, McGlashan, T, Salokangas, RK, Hietala, J (2008). Striatal dopamine synthesis in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 63, 114–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ismail, B, Cantor-Graae, E, McNeil, TF (1998). Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 84–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, KS, Thacker, L, Walsh, D (1996). Self-report measures of schizotypy as indices of familial vulnerability to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 22, 511–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koning, JP, Kahn, RS, Tenback, DE, van Schelven, LJ, van Harten, PN (2011). Movement disorders in nonpsychotic siblings of patients with nonaffective psychosis. Psychiatry Research. Published online: 31 January 2011. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koning, JP, Tenback, DE, van Os, J, Aleman, A, Kahn, RS, van Harten, PN (2010). Dyskinesia and parkinsonism in antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives and healthy controls: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 723–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurent, A, Biloa-Tang, M, Bougerol, T, Duly, D, Anchisi, AM, Bosson, JL, Pellat, J, d'Amato, T, Dalery, J (2000). Executive/attentional performance and measures of schizotypy in patients with schizophrenia and in their nonpsychotic first-degree relatives. Schizophrenia Research 46, 269–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenzenweger, MF (1993). Explorations in schizotypy and the psychometric high-risk paradigm. In Progress in Experimental Personality and Psychopathology Research (ed. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P. and Fowles, D.), pp. 66–116. Springer: New York.Google Scholar
Martinez-Martin, P, Gil-Nagel, A, Gracia, LM, Gomez, JB, Martinez-Sarries, J, Bermejo, F (1994). Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale characteristics and structure. The Cooperative Multicentric Group. Movement Disorders 9, 76–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mechri, A, Gassab, L, Slama, H, Gaha, L, Saoud, M, Krebs, MO (2010). Neurological soft signs and schizotypal dimensions in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 175, 22–26.Google Scholar
Mittal, VA, Neumann, C, Saczawa, M, Walker, EF (2008). Longitudinal progression of movement abnormalities in relation to psychotic symptoms in adolescents at high risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, 165–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, VA, Walker, EF (2007). Movement abnormalities predict conversion to Axis I psychosis among prodromal adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116, 796–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pappa, S, Dazzan, P (2009). Spontaneous movement disorders in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode psychoses: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine 39, 1065–1076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peralta, V, de Jalon, EG, Campos, MS, Basterra, V, Sanchez-Torres, A, Cuesta, MJ (2010). Risk factors, pre-morbid functioning and episode correlates of neurological soft signs in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine. Published online: 22 September 2010. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001856.Google Scholar
Schiffman, J, Walker, E, Ekstrom, M, Schulsinger, F, Sorensen, H, Mednick, S (2004). Childhood videotaped social and neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia: a prospective investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 2021–2027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, Y, Bevan, MD, Shink, E, Bolam, JP (1998). Microcircuitry of the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia. Neuroscience 86, 353–387.Google ScholarPubMed
Soliman, A, O'Driscoll, GA, Pruessner, J, Holahan, AL, Boileau, I, Gagnon, D, Dagher, A (2008). Stress-induced dopamine release in humans at risk of psychosis: a [11C]raclopride PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2033–2041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenback, DE, van Harten, PN, Slooff, CJ, van Os, J (2010). Incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, 1031–1035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Harten, PN, Matroos, GE, Hoek, HW, Kahn, RS (1996). The prevalence of tardive dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism and akathisia. The Curacao Extrapyramidal Syndromes Study: I. Schizophrenia Research 19, 195–203.Google Scholar
van Harten, PN, Tenback, DE (2009). Movement disorders should be a criterion for schizophrenia in DSM-V [Letter]. Psychological Medicine 39, 1754–1756.Google Scholar
van Os, J, Kapur, S (2009). Schizophrenia. Lancet 374, 635–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vollema, MG, Ormel, J (2000). The reliability of the Structured Interview for Schizotypy-Revised. Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 619–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vollema, MG, Sitskoorn, MM, Appels, MC, Kahn, RS (2002). Does the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire reflect the biological-genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Research 54, 39–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, EF (1994). Developmentally moderated expressions of the neuropathology underlying schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 20, 453–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitty, PF, Owoeye, O, Waddington, JL (2009). Neurological signs and involuntary movements in schizophrenia: intrinsic to and informative on systems pathobiology. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 415–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, AL, O'Driscoll, GA (1999). Motor deficits and schizophrenia: the evidence from neuroleptic-naive patients and populations at risk. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 24, 304–314.Google ScholarPubMed
Yazici, AH, Demir, B, Yazici, KM, Gogus, A (2002). Neurological soft signs in schizophrenic patients and their nonpsychotic siblings. Schizophrenia Research 58, 241–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed