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Reassessing the prevalence of bipolar disorders : clinical significance and artistic creativity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

H.S. Akiskal*
Affiliation:
Section of Affective Disorders, University of Tennessee, 66 N. Pauline St., Memphis, TN38163, USA
*
*Mood Disorders Program, Charter Lakeside Hospital.
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Summary

Kraepelin's broad concept of manic-depressive illness was challenged in the 1960s by several European and American investigators. This led to the unipolar-bipolar distinction, with considerable restriction of the boundaries of bipolar disorder in favor of unipolar depressions. This concept has now been implicity adopted by official systems of classification worldwide. This review summarizes recent research data that suggest that a partial return to Kraepelin's broad concept of manic-depressive illness is in order. In reassessing the unipolar-bipolar dichotomy, the authors propose that the classification of depressions should incorporate such nonsymptomatologic considerations as family history, temperament, abruptness of onset, recurrence (periodicity and seasonality), and Pharmacologie response.

Depending on the definitions used, the unipolar-bipolar ratio has ranged from 10:1 to 4:1. Recent American and European investigations, including studies by the authors and their Italian collaborators, suggest that this ratio may be closer to 2:1 and even as low as 1:1. This conclusion is further supported by genetic data, prospective follow-up studies, pharmacologie response, and examination of interepisodic temperaments. Thus, many depressives with premorbid or intermorbid hyperthymie, irritable or cyclothymie temperaments can now be classified as bipolar. Variously referred to as pseudo-unipolar, unipolar II, bipolar III, bipolar II, or the “ soft” bipolar speetrum, these depressive conditions present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the clinician. Special subgroups may be at risk for rapid cycling when overexposed to tricyclic antidepressants. Finally, a significant minority of soft bipolars uppear to be prominent in leadership positions and artistic domains.

Résumé

Résumé

Les conceptions de Kraepelin sur la maladie maniaco-dépressive ont été remises en cause en 1960 par plusieurs chercheurs européens et américains. Cela a amené à faire la distinction entre pathologie unipolaire et pathologie bipolaire avec une restriction considérable du champ des affections bipolaires en faveur des dépressions unipolaires. Ce concept est maintenant adopté implicitement par les classifications officielles internationales. Cet article pusse en revue les études récentes qui suggèrent que les conceptions de Kraepelin au sujet des affections maniaco-dépressives sont toujours recevables.

En reconsidérant la dichotomie unipolaire-bipolaire, les auteurs proposent que la classification des états dépressifs intègre des données non directement reliées à la symptomatologie telles que l’histoire familiale, la personnalité, la soudaineté d’apparition de la symptomatologie, la récurrence (périodicité, saisonnalité) et la réponse aux traitements médicamenteux.

Selon les définitions utilisées, le rapport unipolaire sur bipolaire variait de 10 pour 1 à 4 pour 1. Des études récentes américaines et européennes incluant les études des auteurs du présent article et leurs collaborateurs italiens, laissent penser que ce rapport serait plus proche de 2 pour 1, voire même de 1 pour 1. Ce résultat est d'ailleurs conforté Par des données génétiques, des études de suivi à long terme, de réponses pharmacologiques aux traitements et des évaluations de l’humeur en intercrise. Ainsi des personnalités dépressives hyperthymiques prémorbides et intermorbides, irritables ou cyclothymiques peuvent être dorénavant classées comme étant bipolaires différemment classées en pseudo-unipolaires, unipolaires II, bipolaires III, bipolaires II ou bipolaires “soft”. Ces états dépressifs sont autant de défis diagnostiques et thérapeutiques pour les cliniciens lorsqu’ils sont soumis à un traitement antidépresseur par des tricycliques, certains sous-groupes peuvent voir leurs variations cycliques de l’humeur s’accélérer.

En conclusion, une minorité significative de bipolaires “soft” apparaissent prédisposes au “leadership” et à la créativité artistique.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1998

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