Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T17:31:12.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Helpless behavior induced by repeated restriction of activity in rats: specific reversal by antidepressant drugs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

P Martin
Affiliation:
Département de pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91 Bd de l‘Hôpital, 75013 , Paris
P Soubrié
Affiliation:
Département de neurobiologie, Sanofi Recherche, rue du Pr J Blayac, 34082 , Montpellier, France
AJ Puech
Affiliation:
Département de pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91 Bd de l‘Hôpital, 75013 , Paris
Get access

Summary

An hypothesis based on the original stress model of depression, learned helplessness, proposed that exposure to uncontrollable stress provides the basis, in animals as in humans, for learning that stress is uncontrollable (helplessness); this learning has a number of debilitating consequences, including depression. This study suggests that rats subjected to daily restraint sessions (1h × 5 d, in 20 × 10 × 10 cm boxes) displayed a quiescent behavior vvith few attempts to escape from the box during the restraint periods, and subsequently exhibited escape deficits in a shuttle-box. These deficits were eliminated by clomipramine (8 or 16 mg/kg), imipramine (16 mg/kg) and nialamide (16 mg/kg) given twice daily subsequent to the last restraint session. In contrast, diazepam (2 mg/kg/d) or sulpiride (8 mg/kg/d) did not reduce helpless behavior induced by daily restraint sessions. In addition reduction in locomotor activity has been reported in rats subjected to restraint. It is suggested that the experience of loss of control thought to result from unsuccessful attempts to escape the stressor could be the critical aspect of behavior sensitive to antidepressants.

Résumé

Résumé

Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que soumettre des rats à un stress incontrôlable autre que des chocs électriques inévitables, pouvait entraîner chez ces animaux un état de renoncement appris (learned helplessness). L'événement aversif incontrôlable est une restriction forcée, sans que ce soit une immobilité complète, de l'activité des rats, pendant 1 h et répétée pendant 5 jours. Dans un deuxième temps (48 h après la dernière séance de contrainte), les rats sont soumis à des séances d’évitement actif dans une enceinte à deux compartiments (shuttle-box) au cours desquelles le passage d'un compartiment à l‘autre permet à l‘animal d‘échapper à un choc électrique. Alors que les animaux témoins apprennent très rapidement à échapper, ceux soumis aux séances de contrainte échouent régulièrement dans cette tâche. Ce déficit est spécifiquement supprimé par les anti-dépresseurs étudiés (clomipramine, imipramine, niamide) administrés 2 fois par jour après la dernière séance de contrainte. En revanche, le diazépam et le sulpiride n‘ont pas réduit le déficit induit par la contrainte. Parmi les déficits comportementaux que présentent ces animaux, une diminution de l‘activité motrice et une augmentation de la latence précédant un mouvement ont été rapportées. Cette étude suggère que cette nouvelle procédure pourrait induire un état helpless et pourrait être également une alternative intéressante comparée aux procédures classiques utilisant des chocs électriques inévitables.

Type
Original article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Abramson, LYSeligman, MEPTeasdale, JD (1978) Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. J Abnorm Psychol 87, 4974CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abramson, LYMetalsky, GIAlloy, LB (1989) Hopelessness depression : A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev 96, 358372CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennett, GADickinson, SLCurzon, G (1985) Enhancement of some 5-HT-dependent behavioral responses following repeated immobilization in rats. Brain Res 330, 253263CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levis, DJ (1980) The learned helplessness effect: an expectancy, discrimination deficit, or motivationalinduced persistence? J Res Pers 14, 158169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, SFSeligman, MEPSolomon, R (1969) Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness. In: Punishiment and Aversive Behavior (Campbell, BChurch, RM, eds). Church, New-York: Appleton-Century Crots, 229342Google Scholar
Martin, PSoubrié, PSimon, P (1986) Shuttle-box deficits induced by inescapable shocks in rats: reversal by the beta-adrenoceptor stimulants clenbuterol and salbutamol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24, 177181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, PSoubrié, PSimon, P (1987) The effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors compared with classical tricyclic antidepressants on learned helplessness paradigm. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol and Biol Psychiatry 11, 17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mineka, SHendersen, RW (1985) Controllability and predictability in acquired motivation. Ann Rev Psychol 36, 495529CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Neill, KAValentino, D (1982) Escapability and generalization : effect on “behavioral despair”. Eur J Pharmacol 78, 379380CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overmier, JBSeligman, MEP (1967) Effects of inescapable shocks upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. J Comp Physiol Psychol 62, 2833CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, JEStone, EA (1982) Chronic restraint stress elicits a positive antidepressant response on the forced swim test. Eur J Pharmacol 82, 179181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seligman, MEPMaier, SF (1967) Failure to escape traumatic shock. J Exp Psychol 74, 19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherman, ADSacquitne, JLPetty, F (1982) Specificity of the learned helplessness model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16, 449454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telner, JISinghal, RL (1981) Effects of nortriptyline treatment on learned helplessness in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 14, 823826CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, JMGlazer, HI (1975) Effects of acute exposure to stressors on subsequent avoidance-escape behavior. Psychosom Med 37, 499521CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, JMGlazer, HIPohorecky, LABrick, JMiller, NE (1975) Effects of chronic exposure to stressors on avoidance-escape behavior and on brain norepinephrine. Psychosom Med 37, 522534CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willner, P (1986) Validation criteria for animal models of human mental disorders: learned helplessness as a paradigm case. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 10, 677690CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willner, PTowell, ASampson, DSophoklcous, SMuscat, R (1987) Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology 93, 358364CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.