In 1990, the Japanese Political Science Association (JPSA) and the APSA initiated a formal exchange program. Every year, the JPSA invites APSA representatives to attend our annual meeting—where they have a joint session with Japanese members—and sends two JPSA representatives to the APSA Annual Meeting. In 2004, APSA President Margaret Levi (University of Washington) and Ian Shapiro (Yale University) attended the JPSA meeting in Sapporo; the JPSA exchange participants in the APSA Annual Meeting in Chicago were Ryosuke Amiya (Kobe University) and Kensuke Takayasu (Hokkaido University).