Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-25T23:45:57.423Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

When Nations Remember: Hiroshima in the American Consciousness and Conscience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2009

Get access

Extract

Routinely represented by the mushroom cloud that arose from the city immediately subsequent to the atomic attack, Hiroshima has a central place in America's collective memory; it is, to borrow historian Pierre Nora's pregnant phrase, an American lieu de mémoire. In the American psyche, Hiroshima is not a place; it is an event of a special kind, one that is “immediately invested with symbolic significance” (Nora, 18). Even as the attack unfolded, even as the bomb left the bomb-bay doors, Hiroshima was “being commemorated in advance,” an event that was transformed, as it occurred, into a denning moment in national identity (18). Did the mushroom cloud mark an American triumph, the last act in the drama of World War II, or did it mask the inception of a new era for which America must take prime responsibility, an era of nuclear terror?

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

WORKS CITED

Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” Illuminations. Ed. Arendt, Hanna. Trans. Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken, 1969.Google Scholar
Berg, Gunter. Leopold von Ranke als Akademischer Lehrer: Studien zu seinen Vorlesungen und seinem Geschichtsdenken. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1968.Google Scholar
Berger, Peter L., and Luckmann, Thomas. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Doubleday, 1967.Google Scholar
Boyer, Paul. “Whose History Is It Anyway? Memory, Politics, and Historical Scholarship.” History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. Ed. Linenthal, Edward T. and Engelhardt, Tom. New York: Henry Holt, 1996: 115–39.Google Scholar
Capaccio, Tony, and Mohan, Uday. “How the U.S. Press Missed the Target.” Hiroshima's Shadow. Ed. Bird, Kai and Lifschultz, Lawrence. Sony Creek, Conn.: Pamphleteer's, 1998: 364–75.Google Scholar
Correll, John T. “Analysis of ‘Crossroads’ Script.” Revisionism Gone Wrong: Analysis of the Enola Gay Controversy. Part II. Arlington, Va.: Air Force Association, 2000.Google Scholar
Correll, John T. “The Smithsonian Plan for the Enola Gay: A Report on the Revisions.” Air Force Magazine, 06 28, 1994. Reprinted in Revisionism Gone Wrong: Analysis of the Enola Gay Controversy: March 1994-December 1996. Arlington, Va.: Air Force Association, n.d.Google Scholar
Correll, John T. “War Stories at Air and Space: At the Smithsonian, History Grapples with Cultural Angst.” Reprinted in Revisionism Gone Wrong: Analysis of the Enola Gay Controversy: March 1994-December 1996. Arlington, Va.: Air Force Association, n.d.Google Scholar
Cripps, Thomas. “So Their Eyes Won't Glaze Over: How Television News Denned the Debate Over the Smithsonian's Enola Gay Exhibit.” Wide Angle 20 (1998): 77104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Crossroads: The End of World War II, the Atomic Bomb, and the Origins of the Cold War (01 12, 1994). Arlington, Va.: Air Force Association, n.d.Google Scholar
Crouch, Tom. Letter to Tatsuya Itoh, 05 25,1993. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Archives, Box 8, Folder 1.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. The Public and Its Problems. Chicago: Swallow, 1980.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. “Search for the Great Community.” The Philosophy of John Dewey. Ed. McDermott, John J.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.Google Scholar
[Diagram of Enola Gay exhibit, undated]. Japanese website, http://www.nhk.or.jp/nuclear/e/text/tenji.htm.Google Scholar
[Diagram of Enola Gay exhibit, September 28,1994], Harwit, Martin's papers. “Documents [relative to the Senate Hearings].” Journal of American History 82 (1995): 1136–44.Google Scholar
Doering, Zahava D.Strangers, Guests, or Clients? Visitor Experiences in Museums.” Curator 42 (1999): 7487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliot, T. S.The Complete Plays and Poems: 1909–1950. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1962.Google Scholar
The Enola Gay Debate: August 1993-May 1995. Arlington, Va.: Air Force Association, n.d., n.p.Google Scholar
Eyerman, Ron. Between Culture and Politics: Intellectuals in Modern Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Polity, 1994.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol. 1. Trans. Hurley, Robert. New York: Vintage, 1990.Google Scholar
Funkenstein, Amos. Perceptions of Jewish History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaventa, John. “Citizen Knowledge, Citizen Competence, and Democracy Building.” Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions. Ed. Elkin, Stanley L. and Soltan, Karol Edward. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999: 4966.Google Scholar
Gingrich, Newt. Renewing American Civilization. Audiotape. Los Angeles: Audio Renaissance Tapes, n.d.Google Scholar
Global Vigilance, Reach, and Power.” Air Force Magazine 83 (11 2000): 24.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, Jeffrey C.Civility and Subversion: The Intellectual in Democratic Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Trans. Coser, Lewis A.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwit, Martin. “Academic Freedom in ‘The Last Act.’Journal of American History 82 (12 1995): 1064–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwit, Martin. An Exhibit Denied: Lobbying the History of the Enola Gay. New York: Copernicus, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Julia M.How Historical Sites Can Matter in the Here and Now.” New York Times, 12 10, 2000, AR 37, 39.Google Scholar
Kohn, Richard. “History and the Culture Wars: The Case of the Smithsonian Institution's Enola Gay Exhibition.” Journal of American History 83 (1995): 1036–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, Richard. “History at Risk: The Case of the Enola Gay.” History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. Ed. Linenthal, Edward T. and Engelhardt, Tom. New York: Henry Holt, 1996: 140–70.Google Scholar
Koselleck, Reinhart. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. Trans. Tribe, Keith. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985.Google Scholar
“The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II — An Exhibition Label Script for the National Air and Space Museum.” Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1994.Google Scholar
Linenthal, Edward T. “Anatomy of a Controversy.” History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. Ed. Linenthal, Edward T. and Engelhardt, Tom. New York: Henry Holt, 1996: 962.Google Scholar
Linenthal, Edward T., and Engelhardt, Tom, eds. History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.Google Scholar
McManus, Paulette M.Oh, Yes, They Do: How Museum Visitors Read Labels and Interact with Exhibit Texts.” Curator 32 (1989): 174–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Neufeld, Michael]. “SEF Planning Grant Proposal: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum” [02 19, 1993]. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Archives, Box 8, Folder 2.Google Scholar
Nora, Pierre. Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past. Vol. 1. Trans. Goldhammer, Arthur. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Osiel, Mark. Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory, and the Law. New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction, 1997.Google Scholar
Pekarik, Andrew J., Doering, Zahava D., and Bickford, Adam. “Visitors' Role in an Exhibition Debate: Science in American Life.” Curator 42 (1999): 117–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Planning Document. National Air and Space Museum. July 1993. Reprinted in Revisionism II: The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II. An Exhibit Label Script for the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C., 1994.Google Scholar
Popkin, Samuel L., and Dimock, Michael A.. “Political Knowledge and Citizen Competence.” Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions. Ed. Elkin, Stanley L. and Soltan, Karol Edward. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999: 117–46.Google Scholar
Ranke, Leopold von. Fürsten und Völker. Ed. Andreas, Willy. Wiesbaden: Emil VollmerVerlag, 1957.Google Scholar
Ranke, Leopold von. Sämtliche Werke, vols. 12 and 34. Leipzig: Duncker and Humbolt, 18681890.Google Scholar
Revision I. The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II. 10 26, 1994. Martin Harwit's Papers.Google Scholar
Revision II: The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II. An Exhibit Label Script for the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C., 1994.Google Scholar
Revisionism Gone Wrong: Analysis of the Enola Gay Controversy. Parts 1 and 2. Arlington, Va.: Air Force Association, 2000.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, Milt. “Missing in Bosnia.” Minneapolis Star Tribune, 11 23, 2000, Part A, p. 29.Google Scholar
Roth, Michael S.The Ironist's Cage: Memory, Trauma, and the Construction of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Schudson, Michael. “Dynamics of Distortion in Collective Memory.” Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Society's Reconstruct the Past. Ed. Schacter, Daniel L.. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995: 346–64.Google Scholar
Schuman, Henry, Belli, Robert F., and Bischoping, Katherine. “The Generational Basis of Historical Knowledge.” Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspectives. Ed. Pennebaker, James W., Paez, Dario, and Rimé, Bernard. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997: 47 ff.Google Scholar
Sherwin, Martin. “U.S. Smithsonian Institution Enola Gay Exhibit & Urban Bombing.” http://www.unimelb.edu.au/infoserv/urban/hma/hurban/1995q3/0061.html. 07 14, 1995.Google Scholar
Spitzer, Alan B.Historical Truth and Lies About the Past: Reflections on Dewey, Dreyfus, de Man, and Reagan. Chapel Hill: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Wallace, Mike. “Culture War, History Front.” History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. Ed. Linenthal, Edward T. and Engelhardt, Tom. New York: Henry Holt, 1996: 171–98.Google Scholar
Walton, Douglas. Ad Hominem Arguments. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.Google Scholar
White, Hayden. “The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality.” On Narrative. Ed. Mitchell, W. J. T.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981: 124.Google Scholar