Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T13:56:36.813Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

DEALING WITH EXTREME REQUIREMENT VALUES: WHAT METHODS TO DESIGN SCHOOL CHAIRS AND OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES HAVE IN COMMON

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 June 2023

Andreas Florian Haselsteiner ,
Klaus-Dieter Thoben  and
Lucienne Blessing
Andreas Florian Haselsteiner*
Affiliation:
University of Bremen, Institute for Integrated Product Development;
Klaus-Dieter Thoben
Affiliation:
University of Bremen, Institute for Integrated Product Development;
Lucienne Blessing
Affiliation:
2Singapore Univeristy of Technology and Design (SUTD), SUTD-MIT International Design Centre
*
Haselsteiner, Andreas, Florian University of Bremen, Germany, a.haselsteiner@uni-bremen.de

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Many designs are “driven” by requirements that describe maximum or minimum values of high- variability variables that must be considered. In ergonomics, minima and maxima of anthropometric variables like body height shape the design of a product. Similarly, in structural design, the highest environmental loads that can be expected during the lifetime of a product drive the design. Consequently, a wide range of methods that help designers deal with extreme requirement values has been developed. In this paper, we review these methods and propose a model for the process of dealing with extreme requirement values. The model comprises two broad stages. In the first stage, requirement values are statistically defined and in the second stage, a design is synthesized and evaluated against the requirement values. Throughout the paper, we use two examples: the design of an ergonomic chair and of an offshore wind turbine. We focus on how requirement values are defined for these two products and how they are used throughout the design process. Although these products are vastly different, both are designed by statistically deriving requirement values and then systematically designing against these values.

Keywords

RequirementsDesign processDesign methodsErgonomicsStructural Design
Type
Article
Information
Proceedings of the Design Society , Volume 3: ICED23 , July 2023 , pp. 1147 - 1156
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

References

Almefelt, L., Berglund, F., Nilsson, P. and Malmqvist, J. (2006), “Requirements management in practice: Findings from an empirical study in the automotive industry”, Research in Engineering Design, Vol. 17, pp. 113–134, http://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-006-0023-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battjes, J. (1970), Long-term wave height distribution at seven stations around the British islands, Technical report, National Institute of Oceanography.Google Scholar
Bittner, A.C. (2000), “A-CADRE: Advanced family of manikins for workstation design”, in: Proc. IEA 2000/HFES 2000 Congress, pp. 6-774 to 6-777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, C. (1968), “Engineering seismic risk analysis”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 58 No. 5, pp. 1583–1606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dianat, I., Molenbroek, J. and Castellucci, H.I. (2018), “A review of the methodology and applications of anthropometry in ergonomics and product design”, Ergonomics, Vol. 61 No. 12, pp. 1696–1720, http://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1502817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GL, DNV (2017), Recommended practice DNVGL-RP-C205: Environmental conditions and environmental loads, Technical report.Google Scholar
Fernandes, J., Henriques, E., Silva, A. and Moss, M.A. (2015), “Requirements change in complex technical systems: an empirical study of root causes”, Research in Engineering Design, Vol. 26, pp. 37–55, http://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-014-0183-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, C.C., Corner, B.D. and Brantley, J.D. (1997), Defining extreme sizes and shapes for body armor and load-bearing systems design: Multivariate analysis of U.S. army torso dimensions, Technical report.Google Scholar
Gumbel, E. (1941), “The return period of flood flows”, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 163–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselsteiner, A.F. (2022), Offshore structures under extreme loads: A methodology to determine design loads, doctoral thesis, University of Bremen, http://doi.org/10.26092/elib/1615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselsteiner, A.F., Coe, R.G., Manuel, L., Chai, W., Leira, B., Clarindo, G., Guedes Soares, C., Dimitrov, N., Sander, A., Ohlendorf, J.H., Thoben, K.D., de Hauteclocque, G., Mackay, E., Jonathan, P., Qiao, C., Myers, A., Rode, A., Hildebrandt, A., Schmidt, B. and Vanem, E. (2021), “A benchmarking exercise for environmental contours”, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 236, http://doi.org/10.1016/jj.oceaneng.2021.109504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselsteiner, A.F., Frieling, M., Mackay, E., Sander, A. and Thoben, K.D. (2022), “Long-term response of an offshore turbine: How accurate are contour-based estimates?”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 181, pp. 945–965, http://doi.org/10.1016/jj.renene.2021.09.077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselsteiner, A.F., Reisenhofer, R., Ohlendorf, J.H. and Thoben, K.D. (2019), “Design for extremes: A contour method for defining requirements based on multivariate extremes”, in: Proc. 22nd International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19), pp. 1433–1442, http://doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haver, S. (1985), “Wave climate off northern Norway”, Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 85–92, http://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1187(85)90038-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiao, H. (2013), “Anthropometric procedures for protective equipment sizing and design”, Human Factors, Vol. 55 No. 1, pp. 6–35, http://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812465640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubka, V. and Eder, W.E. (1988), Theory of technical systems, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2 edition.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commission, International Electrotechnical (2019), Wind energy generation systems - Part 3-1: Design requirements for fixed offshore wind turbines, Technical Report IEC 61400-3-1.Google Scholar
Jung, K., Kwon, O. and You, H. (2010), “Evaluation of the multivariate accommodation performance of the grid method”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 156–161, http://doi.org/10.1016/jj.apergo.2010.06.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jurgens, H., Matzdorff, I. and Windberg, J. (1998), “Internationale antropometrische Daten als Vorausset- zung fur die Gestaltung von Arbeitsplatzen und Maschinen”, in: Arbeitswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse: Forschungsergebnsise fur die Praxis, Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Dortmund, Germany.Google Scholar
Kroemer, K.H.E. (2006), “Extra-ordinary” ergonomics: How to accomodate small and big persons, the disabled and elderly, expectant mothers and children, Taylor & Francis, Santa Monica, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Molenbroek, J. and de Bruin, R. (2005), “Enhancing the use of anthropometric data”, in: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter Annual Meeting 2004, pp. 289–297, http://doi.org/10.1017/CB09781107415324.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molenbroek, J.F. (2000), “Making an anthropometric size system interactively”, in: Proc. of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 44, pp. 766–769, http://doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molenbroek, J.F., Kroon-Ramaekers, Y.M. and Snijders, C.J. (2003), “Revision of the design of a standard for the dimensions of school furniture”, Ergonomics, Vol. 46 No. 7, pp. 681–694, http://doi.org/10.1080/0014013031000085635.Google ScholarPubMed
Moroney, L.T.W.F. and Smith, M.J. (1972), Empirical reduction in potential user population as the result of imposed multivariate anthropometric limits, Technical report, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muliawan, M.J., Gao, Z. and Moan, T. (2013), “Application of the contour line method for estimating extreme responses in the mooring lines of a two-body floating wave energy converter”, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol. 135, p. 031301, http://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. (1996), Engineering design: a systematic approach, Springer, London, United Kingdom.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H.A. (1996), The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 3 edition.Google Scholar
Vasu, M. and Mital, A. (2000), “Evaluation of the validity of anthropometric design assumptions”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 26, pp. 19–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visser, W. (2009), “Design: One, but in different forms”, Design Studies, Vol. 30, pp. 187–223, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2008.11.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winterstein, S.R., Ude, T.C., Cornell, C.A., Bjerager, P. and Haver, S. (1993), “Environmental parameters for extreme response: Inverse FORM with omission factors”, in: Proc. 6th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR 93), Innsbruck, Austria.Google Scholar
Wynn, D.C. and Clarkson, P.J. (2018), “Process models in design and development”, Research in Engineering Design, Vol. 29, pp. 161–202, http://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-017-0262-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar