Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-09T19:01:12.196Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Field Epidemiology Assessment for a Medical Evacuation Programme Related to the Crisis in Kosovo, 1999

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 June 2012

Douglas W. MacPherson
Affiliation:
Regional Parasitology Laboratory (St. Joseph's Hospital site), Hamilton Regional, Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Fausto Mariani
Affiliation:
Medical Consultant, International Organization for Migration, Tirana, Albania
Jacqueline Weekers
Affiliation:
Medical Services, International Organization for Migration, Geneva, Switzerland
Brian D. Gushulak
Affiliation:
Medical Services, International Organization for Migration, Geneva, Switzerland

Abstract

In complex human emergency (CHE)-aid situations, the international community responds to provide assistance to reduce morbidity and mortality related to environmental and civil disruptions. The political and social situation in Kosovo, in combination with the military activity from 23 March to 09 June, 1999, created a crisis associated with mass movement of the population of Kosovo into neighbouring provinces and nations. This forced migration of people seeking protection increased demands for -water, food, shelter, and health care in the refugee areas. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that 771,900 ethnic Albanians, and 30,700 Serbians, Croatians, and Montenegrins had been displaced from Kosovo during this time period, and that 439,500 of these people had arrived in Albania. Given the limited health-care resources in Albania to respond to the increasing demands for health care, a field epidemiological study was conducted by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) to assess the need for a medical evacuation program from Albania related to the crisis in Kosovo. Outcome measurements in this assessment were: 1) health-care capacity and health-care utilization rates in Albania before the crisis and by the refugees during the crisis; 2) the frequency of war-related injuries; 3) the frequency of medical evacuation; 4) nature of medical conditions of the patients being evacuated; and 5) destination for medical evacuation (internal or international) during the crisis. The results of the field assessment, which gathered health outcome data during the first eight weeks of the conflict (23 March 1999 to 25 May 1999), indicated that there was a need for a specifically designed medical evacuation programme in Albania. The study demonstrated that the implementation of a medical evacuation programme must be integrated with the national health care objectives. It also was found that the magnitude of an evacuation programme could be reduced markedly by strategic support of existing medical programmes in Albania (haemodialysis, trauma and orthopaedics, blood banking). Implementation of this strategy could permit containment of the majority of cases within Albania or to regional, health-care facilities. The results of such targeted support for specific services could result in a national programme for internal medical evacuation, with limited dependence upon the international movement of patients.

Resumen

En situaciones de ayuda humanitaria compleja para emergencias, la comunidad internacional responde para proveer ayuda para reducir morbilidad y mortalidad relacionadas con trastornos ambientales y civiles. La situación política en Kosovo, combinada con la actividad militar del 23 de marzo al 9 de junio de 1999, era una crisis asociada al movimiento masivo de la población de Kosovo hacia provincias y paises vecinos. Esta migracion forzada de personas en busca de proteccion aumento las demandas de agua, alimentos, albergue. El alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) estimo que 771.900 albanos y 30.700 servios, croatas y montenegrinos habian sido desplazados de Kosovo durante este tiempo y que 43.950 de estas personas habian llegado a Albania. Dados los limitados recursos para la atencion de salud en Albania para responder a las demandas aumentadas, un estudio epidemiologo de campo fue conducido por la Organizacion Internacional para las Migraciones para evaluar la necesidad de un programa de evacuacion medica de Albania relacionado a la crisis de Kosova. Las mediciones de resultados en esta evaluacion fueron tasa de capacidad de atencion de salud en Albania antes de la crisis y por los refugiados durante la crisis, la frecuencia de lesiones asociadas a la guerra, la frecuencia de evacuaciones medicas, la naturaleza de las condiciones medicas evacuadas y el destino de la evacuacion medica (interna o internacional durante la crisis) datos de resultados de salud durante las primeras ocho semanas del conflicto (23 de marzo de 1999 al 25 de mayo de 1999), indicaron que existia necesidad de un programa de evacuacion medica especialmente diseñado en Albania. El estudio demostro que la implementacion de un programa de evacuacion medica debe estar integrado a los objetivos de atencion de salud nacionales. Tambien se encontro que la magnitud del programa de evacuacion podia ser marcadamente reducido a traves de la ayuda estrategica de los programas medicos existentes en Albania ( hemodialisis, trauma y ortopedia, banco de sangre). La implementación de esta estrategia permitiria mantener la mayoria de los casos dentro de Albania o en un centro de atencion de salud regional. Los resultados de tal ayuda dirigida a servicios especificos podria resultar en un programa nacional de evacuacion medica interna con dependencia limitada en el desplazamiento internacional de pacientes.

Type
Original Research
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2.Kelly, M, Bedell, R, Davis, A, Ford, N: Assessment of international medical evacuations in Macedonia. Lancet 1999;354: 20762077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Szilard, I, Cholin, B, Borbacheva, O, O'Rourke, T, Gushulak, B: Medical evacuations from former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Lancet 2000;355:1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Weekers, J, Bollini, P, Siem, H, Dean, B: Medical evacuations from the region of the former Yugoslavia. The experience of 2 years. Euro J Pub Health 1996;6:257261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.International Organization for Migration: An introduction to IOM special medical programmes. Editor: Director of Medical Services, International Organization for Migration. 1994. See Box 2, page 23 of 55.Google Scholar
6.Yugoslavia (Kosovo)—Background Documents: Overview of health services and health indicators of the population of Kosovo, 1997–1998. http://www.hinap.org/HinapWeb/HinapSite.nsf/Main?OpenFrameSetGoogle Scholar
7.Houdelette, P: Aspects actuels de la chirurgie de guerre. Du trauma center a la precarite. Chirurgie 1997;122:187191.Google Scholar
8.Brusov, PG. Kuritsyn, AN. Urazovsky, NY. Tariverdiev ML. Operative videothoracoscopy in the surgical treatment of penetrating firearms wounds of the chest. Military Medicine 1998; 163: 603607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Iurkevich, W, Fidarov, EZ, Bauer, VA: Kvalifitsirovannaia i neotlozhnaia spetsializirovannaia khirurgicheskaia pomoshch' ranennym v konechnosti. Voenno-Meditsinskii Zhurnal 1997;318:3438, 80.Google Scholar
10.Odinak, MM, Aiu, Emel'ianov, Kovalenko, PA, Aiu, Emelin: Struktura boevoi travmy mozga i organizatsiia okazaniia nevrologicheskoi pomoshchi na etapakh meditsinskoi evakuatsii v vooruzhennykh konfliktakh. Voenno-Meditsinskii Zhurnal 1997;318:5661.Google Scholar
11.Martin, TE: Al Jubail—An aeromedical staging facility during the Gulf conflict: Discussion paper. J Roy Soc Med 1992;85:3236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Adams, MS: Pre-existing disease in British Army patients aeromedically evacuated from the former Republic of Yugoslavia. J Roy Army Med Corps 1996;142:97100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed