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Disaster Metrics: Quantitative Estimation of the Number of Ambulances Required in Trauma-Related Multiple Casualty Events

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2012

Jamil D. Bayram ,
Shawki Zuabi  and
Mazen J. El Sayed
Jamil D. Bayram*
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland USA
Shawki Zuabi
Affiliation:
Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fountain Valley, California USA
Mazen J. El Sayed
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
*
Correspondence: Jamil D. Bayram, MD, MPH, EMDM, MEd Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 5801 Smith Avenue Davis Building, Suite 3220 Baltimore, MD 21209 USA E-mail: jbayram1@jhmi.edu
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Abstract

Introduction

Estimating the number of ambulances needed in trauma-related Multiple Casualty Events (MCEs) is a challenging task.

Hypothesis/Problem

Emergency medical services (EMS) regions in the United States have varying “best practices” for the required number of ambulances in MCE, none of which is based on metric criteria. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of ambulances required to respond to the scene of trauma-related MCE in order to initiate treatment and complete the transport of critical (T1) and moderate (T2) patients. The proposed model takes into consideration the different transport times and capacities of receiving hospitals, the time interval from injury occurrence, the number of patients per ambulance, and the pre-designated time frame allowed from injury until the transfer care of T1 and T2 patients.

Methods

The main theoretical framework for this model was based on prehospital time intervals described in the literature and used by EMS systems to evaluate operational and patient care issues. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) triage categories (T1-T4) were used for simplicity.

Results

The minimum number of ambulances required to respond to the scene of an MCE was modeled as being primarily dependent on the number of critical patients (T1) present at the scene any particular time. A robust quantitative model was also proposed to dynamically estimate the number of ambulances needed at any time during an MCE to treat, transport and transfer the care of T1 and T2 patients.

Conclusion

A new quantitative model for estimation of the number of ambulances needed during the prehospital response in trauma-related multiple casualty events has been proposed. Prospective studies of this model are needed to examine its validity and applicability.

BayramJD, ZuabiS, El SayedMJ. Disaster Metrics: Quantitative Estimation of the Number of Ambulances Required in Trauma-Related Multiple Casualty Events. Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(5):1-7.

Keywords

ambulancedisasterdisaster metricsdisaster responseemergency medical servicesmultiple casualty event
Type
Original Research
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 27 , Issue 5 , October 2012 , pp. 445 - 451
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2012

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