The Arctic Ocean is the home of three major groups of mammals that depend on the sea for survival and show varying degrees of adaptation for maritime life. Most fully adapted are the whales (Cetacea), which never leave the water, and the seals and walruses (Pinnipedia) that feed entirely at sea but emerge onto land or ice for pupping and basking. Less exclusively marine are two species of the order Carnivora—Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus), that seldom live far from the sea because they feed almost entirely upon seals, and Arctic Foxes (Alopex lagopus), some of which move out onto the sea ice during the winter, mainly to scavenge on the remains of seals killed by Polar Bears.

In the heroic age of Antarctic exploration—the first 15 or so years of this century (Hayes 1932)—scientific investigations took second place, at least in the public eye, to geographical exploration and its offshoot, the race to the South Pole. Nevertheless important geological discoveries were made and the basic framework of Antarctic geology was mapped out. This article describes briefly the geological work and the geologists of the expeditions that explored Victoria Land between 1900 and 1912, with a note on the significance of the geological specimens found with the bodies of Scott, Wilson and Bowers in 1912.

Under a system of treaties introduced after the confederation of Canada in 1867, the natives of the provinces gave up ownership of the land in return for hunting rights, land reserves, yearly payments of ‘treaty money’ and guarantees of medical care and attention. This article examines some of the changes that have affected the people of Oxford House, a Cree village in northern Manitoba, since Treaty Five was negotiated in 1909. Particular reference is made to changes brought about by the cinema, radio and television in the last two decades. Oxford House, a lakeside settlement with current population of 1 300, is described more fully elsewhere (Manitoba 1972).

The hunt for Bowhead Whales Balaena mysticetus has for centuries been a tradition in the culture of coastal Alaskan Eskimos. Commercial hunting began in 1848, when the first American whaling vessel, under Captain Thomas Roys, worked northward through the Bering Strait and started pelagic whaling in the Arctic Ocean. This fishery ended about 1914, because of severe depletion of the stock. However, Eskimos continued to hunt the remaining whales, using traditional boats and skills augmented by methods and equipment acquired from Yankee whalers. They still carry on the hunt today, using essentially the same methods; the right of native Alaskans to hunt in this way is permitted by US domestic legislation relating to marine mammals and endangered species (Mitchell and Reeves 1980).

World War I has often been said to mark the end of the ‘Age of Imperialism’—the close of ‘that final surge of land hunger’ (Landes 1969) from 1880 to 1914 when much of the world's land surface, especially in Africa and the Pacific, was acquired by the major powers. Britain's large share was demonstrated by the predominance of red on pre-1914 maps, though in fact the British Empire achieved its greatest area after 1918; ‘… including India’, reported the 1920 Colonial Office List, ‘the Empire now extends over 11 million of square miles, or 91 times the area of the Mother Country’ (Mercer 1920). This study examines one specific part of British imperial policy in the immediate post-war years—one which, had it been fully implemented, would have increased the area by a further 40 per cent. In the view of L. S. Amery, Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office and one of Britain's leading politicians of the time, it was desirable that:

… the whole of the Antarctic should ultimately be included within the British Empire, and that, while the time has not yet arrived that a claim to all the continental territories should be put forward publicly, a definite and consistent policy should be followed of extending and asserting British control with the object of ultimately making it complete.