For years scholars have been required to pay photography and permission fees associated with their monographs and journal articles, although publishers' guidelines state this requirement in different ways. The scholar's responsibility for securing images has been made clear in nonpartisan sources like The Chicago Manual of Style for twenty years: “The author is responsible for any fees charged by grantors of permission to reproduce, unless other arrangements are made, in writing, with the publisher” (13th ed., 4.55; 14th ed., 4.70). Though there are variations and exceptions, by and large publishers have successfully off-loaded this expense.