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Literary Symbolism in France

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

Extract

The terms “symbolist” and “décadent” are often considered synonymous. This has its reason for being; the two directions are related not only empirically, but logically. Symbolism calls forth Decadentism. However, for a study of the contemporary movement in French literature it would be advantageous to separate the two tendencies. This is easy enough, seeing that Symbolism has relation, above all, to the very foundation of the thought of the poets and writers of the group in question, while Decadentism is related to the expression of that thought. Up to this time Decadentism has been studied too much, Symbolism too little. Hence the confusion of criticism, which, itself ignorant of the fundamental side of the problem, has kept in ignorance the public wishing to draw inspiration from it. We are speaking naturally of a particular criticism, the official one in France: Brunetière, Doumic, Lemaître, etc. Men like Mauclair or Beaunier were yet too young to give sufficient value to their authority against these pontiffs, at a time when that would have been necessary for the understanding of the new-comers. However, the two recent books by Kahn (Symbolistes et Décadents, Paris, Vanier, 1902) and by Beaunier (La Poésie nouvelle, éd. du Mercure de France, Paris, 1902) will henceforth render inexcusable, even among the general public, the superficial appreciation of Symbolism which has been the fashion up to now.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1903

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References

Note 1 in page 290 In his Saison en enfer, Rimbaud writes: “A moi l'histoire d'une de mes folies .... j'inventai la couleur des voyelles! A noir, E blanc, I rouge, O bleu, U vert. Je réglai la forme et le mouvement de chaque consonne et avec des rythmes instinctifs, je me flattai d'inventer un verbe poétique, accessible un jour ou l'autre à tous les sens. ... Ce fut d'abord une étude, j'écrivais des silences, des nuits, je notais l'inexprimable, je fixais des vertiges.” M. Kahn comments as follows upon this passage: “Le texte est net. Le sonnet des voyelles ne contient pas plus une esthétique qu'il n'est une gageure, une gaminerie pour étonner le bourgeois. Rimbaud traversa une phase où tout altéré de nouveauté poétique, il chercha dans les indications réunies sur les phénomènes d'audition colorée quelque rudiment d'une science des sonorités. Il vivait près de Charles Cros, à ce moment hanté de sa Photographie des couleurs et qui put l'orienter vers des recherches de ce genre” (Kahn, Syrnbolistes et Décadents, p. 275).

Note 1 in page 294 At least, it did not mention them until the “Society for Psychical Research” was founded.

Note 1 in page 301 The contradiction in Banville amounts to this: he does not consider as poetic licence what the traditional authors and poets call by that name. He speaks as follows of the run-over verse, which is of extreme importance in the case in hand. Letting the sense overflow into the next line has a justification, therefore it is not a poetical licence. “Quelle est,” he says, “la valeur poétique et historique de la règie qu'ils (three verses of Boileau enjoining the observance of this rule) énoncent ?—Nulle. Elle n'existe pas, elle ne saurait exister et pourtant elle a fait bien du mal. . . .

“Cette règle qui l'a imaginée, formulée, édictée ?—Boileau—Qui a mis hors la loi, dévoué aux dieux infernaux les poetes qui refusaient d'obéir à cette règie ?—Boileau—Sur quoi Boileau appuyait-il sa règie draconienne ?— sur rien.”

Note 1 in page 303 A few examples may be interesting here. This is a famous passage in Buffon, Le cheval:

“La plus noble conquête—que jamais l'homme ait faite—est celle de ce fier et fougueux animal—Qui partage avec lui les fatigues de la guerre—et la gloire des combats.”

In Marmontel's Incas (quoted by Boschot, Crise poétique):

“Le ciel était serein, l'air calme et sans vapeur—et l'on eût pris en ce moment—l'horizon du coucher pour celui de l'aurore.”

The following from Rousseau, whom Mirabeau had called “notre plus grand harmoniste:”

“Ses yeux étincelaient du feu de ses désirs. . . .

“Mon faible coeur n'a plus que le choix de ses fautes. . . .

“Mais j'ai lu mieux que toi dans ton coeur trop sensible. . . .

“Où m'entrainent les chevaux avec tant de vitesse? ... O amitié!

O amour! est-ce là votre accord? Sont-ce là vos bienfaits? . . . As-tu bien consulté ton coeur en me chassant. . . .“

Note 1 in page 307 See a fair criticism of the new “Humanisme,” in Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Janv. 1903, by Doumic.