Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T13:36:16.678Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Profiling of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) germplasm using in vitro drought screening and SSR markers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 March 2023

N. S. Ahmad Open the ORCID record for N. S. Ahmad [Opens in a new window] ,
M. A. Abid  and
A. A. Al-Assie
N. S. Ahmad*
Affiliation:
College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan of Iraq
M. A. Abid
Affiliation:
College of Science, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Saladin Province, Iraq
A. A. Al-Assie
Affiliation:
College of Science, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Saladin Province, Iraq
*
Author for correspondence: N. S. Ahmad, E-mail: nariman.ahmad@univsul.edu.iq
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Foxtail millet (Setaria spp.) is an ancient cereal crop, having a short cropping cycle. Drought tolerance was assessed in this crop at an early growth stage and the extent of genetic diversity was measured between the foxtail millet genotypes, applying DNA markers. Tolerance of 18 foxtail millet genotypes was studied in vitro under four levels of polyethylene glycol (0, 10, 20 and 30% PEG-6000). PEG-6000 decreased final germination percentage and led to a reduction in shoot and root length with different stress levels. The genotypes ISe 869, ISe 1851 and yellow spike show superiority in stress tolerance for germination and the growth of root and shoot traits. They also clustered together in the biplot diagram and dendrogram of the genotypes based on the morphological traits. Marker polymorphism index (PI) was 80.36% and a total of 132 polymorphic alleles (4.00 alleles/locus) were obtained from 33 polymorphic primers. Polymorphic information content (0.54–0.83) was highly informative with an average value of 0.67. A dendrogram distributed the genotypes into five distinct clusters based on simple-sequence repeat (SSR) data, independent of their geographical distribution. A relationship was established between the SSR markers and the genotypes ability to tolerate drought stress. The SSR markers used could contribute to conducting DNA profiling of foxtail millet, and facilitating their use in future breeding programmes for drought tolerance in this crop. Based on water-stress experiment, three most tolerant genotypes: ISe 869, ISe 1851 and yellow spike are recommended to be cultivated under drought conditions around the world.

Keywords

Allelecluster analysisdrought stressgenetic diversityPEG-6000SSR marker
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , August 2022 , pp. 277 - 289
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of NIAB

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abati, J, Brzezinski, CR, Zucareli, C, Foloni, JSS and Henning, FA (2018) Growth and yield of wheat in response to seed vigor and sowing densities. Revista Caatinga 31, 891–899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdi, H and Williams, LJ (2010) Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 2, 433–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abro, A, Memon, S, Abro, S, Sam, E, Ry, H, Rind, M, Solangi, Z, Muhammad, T, Ali, B and Ahmed, W (2020) Evaluation of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars at early seedling stage using polyethylene glycol induced osmotic stress. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 30, 950–957.Google Scholar
Adeoti, K, Djedatin, G, Ewedje, E, Beulé, T, Santoni, S, Rival, A and Jaligot, E (2017) Assessment of genetic diversity among cultivated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum, Poaceae) accessions from Benin, West Africa. African Journal of Biotechnology 16, 782–790.Google Scholar
Ahmad, NS (2014) DNA profiling of F1 hybrid in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) using simple sequence repeat marker. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani-Part A 16, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, NS, Redjeki, ES, Ho, WK, Aliyu, S, Mayes, K, Massawe, F, Kilian, A and Mayes, S (2016) Construction of a genetic linkage map and QTL analysis in Bambara groundnut. Genome 59, 459–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmad, NS, Kareem, SH, Mustafa, KM and Ahmad, DA (2017) Early screening of some Kurdistan wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Science 9, 88–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, A, Choi, YM, Do, YH, Lee, S, Oh, S, Park, HJ, Cho, YH and Lee, MC (2016) EST-SSR based genetic diversity and population structure among Korean landraces of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). Korean Journal of Plant Resources 29, 322–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, N, Schwarzenberg, A, Yvin, JC and Hosseini, SA (2018) Regulatory role of silicon in mediating differential stress tolerance responses in two contrasting tomato genotypes under osmotic stress. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 1475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allaby, RG, Ware, RL and Kistler, L (2019) A re-evaluation of the domestication bottleneck from archaeogenomic evidence. Evolutionary Applications 12, 29–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baloch, MJ, Dunwell, J, Khakwani, AA, Dennett, M, Jatoi, WA and Channa, SA (2012) Assessment of wheat cultivars for drought tolerance via osmotic stress imposed at early seedling growth stages. Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 299–310.Google Scholar
Bhandari, H, Nishant Bhanu, A, Srivastava, K, Singh, M and Shreya, HA (2017) Assessment of genetic diversity in crop plants – an overview. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research 7, 279–286.Google Scholar
Bheemesh, SJ, Rao, MS, Sekhar, MR and Latha, P (2018) Effect of PEG-induced drought stress on germination early seedling growth of foxtail millet varieties. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, 2674–2681.Google Scholar
Blair, M, Panaud, O and McCouch, S (1999) Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification for analysis of microsatellite motif frequency and fingerprinting in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98, 780–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botstein, D, White, RL, Skolnick, M and Davis, RW (1980) Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics 32, 314.Google ScholarPubMed
Brunda, S, Kamatar, M, Naveenkumar, K and Hundekar, R (2015) Genetic diversity in the foxtail millet (Setaria italica) germplasm as determined by phenotypical traits. The Ecoscan 8, 483–488.Google Scholar
Cai, K, Chen, X, Han, Z, Wu, X, Zhang, S, Li, Q, Nazir, MM, Zhang, G and Zeng, F (2020) Screening of worldwide barley collection for drought tolerance: the assessment of various physiological measures as the selection criteria. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 1159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ceasar, SA, Ramakrishnan, M, Vinod, K, Roch, GV, Upadhyaya, HD, Baker, A and Ignacimuthu, S (2020) Phenotypic responses of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) genotypes to phosphate supply under greenhouse and natural field conditions. PLoS ONE 15, e0233896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ch, H, Patro, T, Anuradha, N, Triveni, U and Jogarao, P (2020) Estimation of nutritive composition of seven small millets. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9, 1871–1874.Google Scholar
Chander, S, Bhat, K, Kumari, R, Sen, S, Gaikwad, A, Gowda, M and Dikshit, N (2017) Analysis of spatial distribution of genetic diversity and validation of Indian foxtail millet core collection. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 23, 663–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chesnokov, YV and Artemyeva, A (2015) Evaluation of the measure of polymorphism information of genetic diversity. Agricultural Biology 50, 571–578.Google Scholar
Dellaporta, SL, Wood, J and Hicks, BJ (1983) A plant DNA minipreparation version II. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 1, 19–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhumketi, K, Singh, A and Rajput, L (2017) Suitability of foxtail millet semolina and soy grits for the formulation of instant upma mix. International Journal of Chemical Studies 5, 75–79.Google Scholar
Diao, X and Jia, G (2017) Origin and domestication of foxtail millet. In Doust A and Diao X (eds), Genetics and Genomics of Setaria, Vol. 19. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 61–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diao, X, Schnable, J, Bennetzen, JL and Li, J (2014) Initiation of Setaria as a model plant. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 1, 16–20.Google Scholar
Donnelly, JL, Adams, DC and Dekker, J (2014) Weedy adaptation in Setaria spp. VI. S. faberi seed hull shape as soil germination signal antenna, Iowa State University, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB), p. 21.Google Scholar
Fahad, S, Bajwa, AA, Nazir, U, Anjum, SA, Farooq, A, Zohaib, A, Sadia, S, Nasim, W, Adkins, S and Saud, S (2017) Crop production under drought and heat stress: plant responses and management options. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghatak, A, Chaturvedi, P, Bachmann, G, Valledor, L, Ramšak, Ž, Bazargani, MM, Bajaj, P, Jegadeesan, S, Li, W and Sun, X (2021) Physiological and proteomic signatures reveal mechanisms of superior drought resilience in pearl millet compared to wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghimire, K, Joshi, B, Gurung, R and Sthapit, B (2018) Nepalese foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] genetic diversity revealed by morphological markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65, 1147–1157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, J, Lewis, R, Wilkinson, M and Caligari, P (1999) Developing an appropriate strategy to assess genetic variability in plant germplasm collections. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98, 1125–1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Govindaraj, M, Vetriventhan, M and Srinivasan, M (2015) Importance of genetic diversity assessment in crop plants and its recent advances: an overview of its analytical perspectives. Genetics Research International 2015, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gull, A, Lone, AA and Wani, NUI (2019) Biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SKUAST-Kashmir, India, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guppy, L, Anderson, K, Mehta, P and Nagabhatla, N (2017) Global water crisis: The facts. Hamilton. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, Canada.Google Scholar
Gupta, S, Kumari, K, Sahu, PP, Vidapu, S and Prasad, M (2012) Sequence-based novel genomic microsatellite markers for robust genotyping purposes in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Plant Cell Reports 31, 323–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, S and LaForgia, M (2019) Seedling traits predict drought-induced mortality linked to diversity loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, 5576–5581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasanuzzaman, M, Shabala, L, Brodribb, TJ, Zhou, M and Shabala, S (2019) Understanding physiological and morphological traits contributing to drought tolerance in barley. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 205, 129–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, MJ and Sharp, P (2001) Targeted development of informative microsatellite (SSR) markers. Nucleic Acids Research 29, e44–e44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirano, R, Naito, K, Fukunaga, K, Watanabe, KN, Ohsawa, R and Kawase, M (2011) Genetic structure of landraces in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) revealed with transposon display and interpretation to crop evolution of foxtail millet. Genome 54, 498–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, CW, Wu, TH, Hsu, TW, Huang, JC, Huang, CC and Chiang, TY (2011) Development of 12 genic microsatellite loci for a biofuel grass, Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany 98, e201–e203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsieh, WH, Chen, YC, Liao, HC, Lin, YR and Chen, CH (2021) High differentiation among populations of green foxtail, Setaria viridis, in Taiwan and adjacent islands revealed by microsatellite markers. Diversity 13, 159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, H, Mauro-Herrera, M and Doust, AN (2018) Domestication and improvement in the model C4 grass, Setaria. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ierna, A (2021) Towards sustainable intensification of crop production – Yield gaps and water use efficiency in farming systems. Agronomy 11, 710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Islam, M, Kayesh, E, Zaman, E, Urmi, T and Haque, M (2018) Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for drought tolerance at germination and early seedling stage. The Agriculturists 16, 44–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ISTA (1993) International rules for seed testing. Rules 1985. Seed Science and Technology 21, 1–288.Google Scholar
Ji, J, Liu, Y, Ge, Z, Zhang, Y and Wang, X (2019) Oleochemical properties for different fractions of foxtail millet bran. Journal of Oleo Science 68, ess19063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jia, G, Liu, X, Schnable, JC, Niu, Z, Wang, C, Li, Y, Wang, S, Wang, S, Liu, J and Guo, E (2015) Microsatellite variations of elite Setaria varieties released during last six decades in China. PLoS ONE 10, e0125688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapoor, D, Bhardwaj, S, Landi, M, Sharma, A, Ramakrishnan, M and Sharma, A (2020) The impact of drought in plant metabolism: how to exploit tolerance mechanisms to increase crop production. Applied Sciences 10, 5692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, EJ, Sa, KJ, Park, KC and Lee, JK (2012) Study of genetic diversity and relationships among accessions of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] in Korea, China, and Pakistan using SSR markers. Genes & Genomics 34, 529–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kintl, A, Huňady, I, Vymyslický, T, Ondrisková, V, Hammerschmiedt, T, Brtnický, M and Elbl, J (2021) Effect of seed coating and PEG-induced drought on the germination capacity of five clover crops. Plants 10, 724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krishna, KR (2013) Agroecosystems: Soils, Climate, Crops, Nutrient Dynamics and Productivity. Toronto: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, GP, Prasad, AD and Reddy, CCM (2019) Hierarchical cluster analysis for yield and nutritional traits in elite foxtail millet genetic resources. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 4, 1253–1257.Google Scholar
Kumar, S, Hash, CT, Singh, G, Basava, RK and Srivastava, RK (2020) Identification of polymorphic SSR markers in elite genotypes of pearl millet and diversity analysis. Ecological Genetics and Genomics 14, 100051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lata, C (2015) Advances in omics for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in millets. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 81, 397–417.Google Scholar
Lebedev, VG, Subbotina, NM, Maluchenko, OP, Lebedeva, TN, Krutovsky, KV and Shestibratov, KA (2020) Transferability and polymorphism of SSR markers located in flavonoid pathway genes in Fragaria and Rubus species. Genes 11, 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, KJ, Yoon, MS, Shin, MJ, Lee, JR, Cho, YH, Lee, HS, Ma, KH and Lee, GA (2017) Development of SSR markers and their use in studying genetic diversity and population of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.). Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 5, 183–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, P and Brutnell, TP (2011) Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 3031–3037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, HS (2012) Genetic diversity in the foxtail millet (Setaria italica) germplasm as determined by agronomic traits and microsatellite markers. Australian Journal of Crop Science 6, 342–349.Google Scholar
Lin, HS, Chiang, CY, Chang, SB and Kuoh, CS (2011) Development of simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers in Setaria italica (Poaceae) and cross-amplification in related species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, 7835–7845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, SJ, Sa, KJ, Hong, TK and Lee, JK (2019) Genetic diversity and population structure analysis in Perilla crop and their weedy types from northern and southern areas of China based on simple sequence repeat (SSRs). Genes & Genomics 41, 267–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magar, MM, Parajuli, A, Sah, BP, Shrestha, J, Sakh, BM, Koirala, KB and Dhital, SP (2019) Effect of PEG induced drought stress on germination and seedling traits of maize (Zea mays L.) lines. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 6, 196–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, L, Messager, E, Bedianashvili, G, Rusishvili, N, Lebedeva, E, Longford, C, Hovsepyan, R, Bitadze, L, Chkadua, M and Vanishvili, N (2021) The place of millet in food globalization during Late Prehistory as evidenced by new bioarchaeological data from the Caucasus. Scientific Reports 11, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, G, Colledge, S and Jones, MK (2008) Millets across Eurasia: chronology and context of early records of the genera Panicum and Setaria from archaeological sites in the Old World.Google Scholar
Mundada, P, Nikam, T, Kumar, SA, Umdale, S and Ahire, M (2020) Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) genotypes to PEG-induced osmotic stress. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 23, 101488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muscolo, A, Sidari, M, Anastasi, U, Santonoceto, C and Maggio, A (2014) Effect of PEG-induced drought stress on seed germination of four lentil genotypes. Journal of Plant Interactions 9, 354–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthamilarasan, M, Singh, NK and Prasad, M (2019) Multi-omics approaches for strategic improvement of stress tolerance in underutilized crop species: a climate change perspective. In Kumar D (ed.), Advances in Genetics, Vol. 103. New Delhi: Elsevier, pp. 1–38.Google Scholar
Niu, X, Song, L, Xiao, Y and Ge, W (2018) Drought-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria associated with foxtail millet in a semi-arid agroecosystem and their potential in alleviating drought stress. Frontiers in Microbiology 8, 2580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passot, S (2016) Exploring pearl millet root system and its outcome for drought tolerance, Université Montpellier.Google Scholar
Pavli, OI, Foti, C, Skoufogianni, G, Karastergiou, G, Panagou, A and Khah, EM (2020) PEG-induced drought stress during germination effects on soybean germplasm. Agricultural Research & Technology 23, 70–80.Google Scholar
Pérez-Hernández, Y, Navarro-Boulandier, M, Rojas-Sánchez, L, Fuentes-Alfonso, L and Sosa-del Castillo, M (2018) Effect of hydric stress on the germination of seeds from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. UDG-110. Pastos y Forrajes 41, 243–252.Google Scholar
Purbajanti, E, Kusmiyati, F, Fuskhah, E, Rosyida, R, Adinurani, P and Vincēviča-Gaile, Z (2019) Selection for drought-resistant rice (Oryza sativa L.) using polyethylene glycol. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 293, 012014.Google Scholar
Reddy, BV, Srinivasulu, K, Reddy, CCM, Sekhar, AC and Shanthi, P (2020) Assessment of genetic diversity in foxtail millet using clustering and principal component analysis. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology 21, 74–85.Google Scholar
Rodiansah, A and Puspita, MI (2020) In vitro polyploidy induction of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L) Beauv) cv. buru hotong using colchicine treatment. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 484, 012031.Google Scholar
Sani, DO and Boureima, MM (2014) Effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 on germination and seedling growth of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] and LD50 for in vitro screening for drought tolerance. African Journal of Biotechnology 13, 3742–3747.Google Scholar
Sapkota, M, Pandey, MP, Thapa, DB, Yadav, MK, Ghimire, S and Timalsina, D (2016) Diversity assessment of foxtail millet (Setaria Italica L. Beauv) accessions collected from different locations of Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, 483–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivakrishna, P, Reddy, KA and Rao, DM (2018) Effect of PEG-6000 imposed drought stress on RNA content, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content in peanut leaves and roots. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 25, 285–289.Google Scholar
Shivhare, R and Lata, C (2019) Assessment of pearl millet genotypes for drought stress tolerance at early and late seedling stages. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 41, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, CJ and Fuller, DQ (2017) The spread of agriculture in Eastern Asia: archaeological bases for hypothetical farmer/language dispersals. Language Dynamics and Change 7, 152–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tahir, NAR, Ahmad, N, Mustafa, K and Kareem, D (2021) Diversity maintenance of some barley (Hordeum spp.) genetic resources using SSR-based marker. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 31, 221–234.Google Scholar
Trivedi, A, Arya, L, Verma, STR, Hemantaranjan, A, Verma, M, Sharma, V and Saha, D (2018) Molecular profiling of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) from Central Himalayan Region for genetic variability and nutritional quality. The Journal of Agricultural Science 156, 333–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uddin, S, Ullah, S and Nafees, M (2021) Effect of seed priming on growth and performance of Vigna radiata L. under induced drought stress. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 4, 100140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upadhyaya, HD, Vetriventhan, M, Deshpande, SP, Sivasubramani, S, Wallace, JG, Buckler, ES, Hash, CT and Ramu, P (2015) Population genetics and structure of a global foxtail millet germplasm collection. The Plant Genome 8, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venkata Suresh, B, Muthamilarasan, M, Misra, G and Prasad, M (2013) FmMDb: a versatile database of foxtail millet markers for millets and bioenergy grasses research. PLoS ONE 8, 71418.Google Scholar
Vieira, MLC, Santini, L, Diniz, AL and Munhoz, CDF (2016) Microsatellite markers: what they mean and why they are so useful. Genetics and Molecular Biology 39, 312–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, C, Chen, J, Zhi, H, Yang, L, Li, W, Wang, Y, Li, H, Zhao, B, Chen, M and Diao, X (2010) Population genetics of foxtail millet and its wild ancestor. BMC Genetics 11, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Yang, C, Jin, Q, Zhou, D, Wang, S, Yu, Y and Yang, L (2015) Genome-wide distribution comparative and composition analysis of the SSRs in Poaceae. BMC Genetics 16, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wei, L, Hui, Z, Wang, YF, Li, H and Diaw, XM (2012) Assessment of genetic relationship of foxtail millet with its wild ancestor and close relatives by ISSR markers. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 11, 556–566.Google Scholar
Yadav, RK, Adhikari, AR, Gautam, S, Ghimire, KH and Dhakal, R (2018) Diversity sourcing of foxtail millet through diversity assessment and on-farm evaluation. Cogent Food & Agriculture 4, 1482607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, X, Yan, J, Shah, T, Warburton, ML, Li, Q, Li, L, Gao, Y, Chai, Y, Fu, Z and Zhou, Y (2010) Genetic analysis and characterization of a new maize association mapping panel for quantitative trait loci dissection. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 121, 417–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, X, Lu, M, Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Liu, Z and Chen, S (2021) Response mechanism of plants to drought stress. Horticulturae 7, 50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, A, Zhao, J, Wang, Z, Cheng, K, Zhang, P, Tian, G, Liu, X, Guo, E, Du, Y and Wang, Y (2020) Transcriptome and metabolite analysis reveal the drought tolerance of foxtail millet significantly correlated with phenylpropanoids-related pathways during germination process under PEG stress. BMC Plant Biology 20, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, S, Tang, C, Zhao, Q, Li, J, Yang, L, Qie, L, Fan, X, Li, L, Zhang, N and Zhao, M (2014) Development of highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers using genome-wide microsatellite variant analysis in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. BMC Genomics 15, 78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, L, Liu, P, Zhang, A, Zheng, G, Xing, G and Jia, J (2019) Analysis of genetic diversity in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) using ISSR markers. Agrociencia (Montecillo) 53, 133–144.Google Scholar
Zohary, D, Hopf, M and Weiss, E (2012) Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ahmad et al. supplementary material

Ahmad et al. supplementary material

Download Ahmad et al. supplementary material(File)
File 4.1 MB