Hostname: page-component-594f858ff7-c4bbg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-06-08T17:32:36.270Z Has data issue: false Feature Flags: { "corePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession": true, "coreDisableEcommerce": false, "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, "coreDisableSocialShare": false, "useRatesEcommerce": true } hasContentIssue false
  • English

The reduplicative template in Tonkawa*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2007

Maria Gouskova
Maria Gouskova
Affiliation:
New York University
Get access Rights & Permissions[Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Generalised Template Theory holds that templatic restrictions on reduplicative morphemes follow from independent, general principles. Under lexically indexed constraint theory, however, reduplicants are in no way special – morpheme-specific constraints may apply just to reduplicants. This article presents reduplication patterns in Tonkawa, which are argued to require reduplicant-specific constraints. In Tonkawa, the reduplicant is limited in size to CV, and is usually syllabified as a light syllable. Even though the language typically prefers heavy syllables word-initially, they are light if the syllable is a reduplicative prefix. This size restriction is backcopied onto the first syllable of the base. In the context of the prosodic phonology of Tonkawa, this pattern can only be understood if there is a reduplicant-specific prohibition against heavy syllables. This prohibition is formulated in terms of lexically indexed constraints on the reduplicant, which allows for a nuanced understanding of the emergent CV template.

Type
Research Article
Information
Phonology , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , December 2007 , pp. 367 - 396
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alber, Birgit (2005). Clash, Lapse and directionality. NLLT 23. 485–542.Google Scholar
Benua, Laura (1997). Transderivational identity: phonological relations between words. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-259 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo (2001). Underlying nonmoraic coda consonants, faithfulness, and sympathy. Ms, University of Manchester. Available (September 2007) at http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/bermudez/DEP-mora.pdf.Google Scholar
Campos-Astorkiza, Rebeka (2004). Faith in moras: a revised approach to prosodic faithfulness. NELS 34. 163–174.Google Scholar
Downing, Laura J. (2000). Morphological and prosodic constraints on Kinande verbal reduplication. Phonology 17. 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downing, Laura J. (2003). Compounding and tonal non-transfer in Bantu languages. Phonology 20. 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downing, Laura J. (2006). Canonical forms in Prosodic Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, Colleen (1999). Unfaithful bases and syncope in Tohono O'odham reduplication. Paper presented at the 18th West Coast on Formal Linguistics, University of Arizona.Google Scholar
Flack, Kathryn (2007). Templatic morphology and indexed markedness constraints. LI 38. 749–758.Google Scholar
Fukazawa, Haruka & Lombardi, Linda (2003). Complex constraints and linguistic typology in Optimality Theory. The Linguistic Review 20. 195–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gafos, Diamandos (1998). A-templatic reduplication. LI 29. 515–527.Google Scholar
Gleason, Henry Allan Jr (1995). Workbook in descriptive linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Golston, Chris (1991). Minimal word, minimal affix. NELS 21. 95–109.Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2003). Deriving economy: syncope in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-610 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2004a). Minimal reduplication as a Paradigm Uniformity Effect. WCCFL 23. 265–278.Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2004b). Relational hierarchies in Optimality Theory: the case of syllable contact. Phonology 21. 201–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2007). Dep: beyond epenthesis. LI 38. 759–770.Google Scholar
Hartkemeyer, Dale C. (2000). *V: an optimality-theoretic examination of vowel loss phenomena, with special reference to Latin, early Western Romance, and Basque. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce (1989). Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology. LI 20. 253–306.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce (1995). Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hicks Kennard, Catherine (2004). Copy but don't repeat: the conflict of dissimilation and reduplication in the Tawala durative. Phonology 21. 303–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoijer, Harry (1933). Tonkawa: an Indian language of Texas. In Boas, Franz & Hoijer, Harry (eds.) Handbook of American Indian languages 3. New York: J.J. Augustin. 1–148.Google Scholar
Hoijer, Harry (1946). Tonkawa. In Hoijer, Harry, Bloomfield, L., Haas, M. R., Halpern, A. M., Li, F. K., Newman, S. S., Swadesh, M., Trager, G. L., Voegelin, C. F. & Whorf, B. L. (eds.) Linguistic structures of native America. New York: Viking Fund. 289–311.Google Scholar
Hoijer, Harry (1949). An analytical dictionary of the Tonkawa language. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Inkelas, Sharon & Zoll, Cheryl (2005). Reduplication: doubling in morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itô, Junko, Kitagawa, Yoshihisa & Mester, Armin (1996). Prosodic faithfulness and correspondence: evidence from a Japanese argot. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5. 217–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itô, Junko & Mester, Armin (1999). The phonological lexicon. In Tsujimura, Natsuko (ed.) The handbook of Japanese linguistics. Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell. 62–100.Google Scholar
Kager, René (2001). Rhythmic directionality by positional licensing. Handout of paper presented at the 5th Holland Institute of Linguistics Phonology Conference, University of Potsdam. Available as ROA-514 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Robert (2005). The binarity effect in Kosraean reduplication. Phonology 22. 145–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenstowicz, Michael & Kisseberth, Charles (1979). Generative phonology: description and theory. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kisseberth, Charles (1970). Vowel elision in Tonkawa and derivational constraints. In Sadock, Jerrold & Vanek, Anthony (eds.) Studies presented to Robert B. Lees by his students. Carbondale & Edmonton: Linguistic Research. 109–137.Google Scholar
Levin, Juliette (1985). A material theory of syllabicity. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Łubowicz, Anna (2002). Derived environment effects in Optimality Theory. Lingua 112. 243–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1981). A prosodic theory of nonconcatenative morphology. LI 12. 373–418.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1986). OCP effects: gemination and antigemination. LI 17. 207–263.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1999). Sympathy and phonological opacity. Phonology 16. 331–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2000). Faithfulness and prosodic circumscription. In Dekkers, Joost, van der Leeuw, Frank & van de Weijer, Jeroen (eds.) Optimality Theory: phonology, syntax, and acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 151–189.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2003a). Comparative markedness. Theoretical Linguistics 29. 1–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2003b). OT constraints are categorical. Phonology 20. 75–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2007). Hidden generalizations: phonological opacity in Optimality Theory. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1986). Prosodic morphology. Ms, University of Massachusetts & Brandeis University. Excerpts appear in Goldsmith, John (ed.) (1999). Phonological theory: the essential readings. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. 238–288.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1993a). Generalized alignment. Yearbook of Morphology 1993. 79–153.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1993b). Prosodic morphology I: constraint interaction and satisfaction. Ms, University of Massachusetts & Rutgers University.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1994a). The emergence of the unmarked: optimality in prosodic morphology. NELS 24. 333–379.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1994b). Two lectures on prosodic morphology. Handouts of two lectures at OTS/HIL Workshop on Prosodic Morphology, Utrecht University. Available as ROA-59 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1995). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In Beckman, Jill, Dickey, Laura & Urbanczyk, Suzanne(eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: GLSA. 249–384.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1999). Faithfulness and identity in Prosodic Morphology. In Kager, René, van der Hulst, Harry & Zonneveld, Wim (eds.) The prosody–morphology interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 218–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Wolf, Matthew (2005). Less than zero: correspondence and the null output. Available as ROA-722 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Marantz, Alec (1982). Re reduplication. LI 13. 435–482.Google Scholar
Mellander, Evan W. (2003). (HL)-creating processes in theory of foot structure. The Linguistic Review 20. 243–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morén, Bruce (1999). Distinctiveness, coercion and sonority: a unified theory of weight. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.Google Scholar
Nivens, Richard (1993). Reduplication in four dialects of West Tarangan. Oceanic Linguistics 32. 358–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ota, Mitsuhiko (2004). The learnability of the stratified phonological lexicon. Journal of Japanese Linguistics 20. 19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pater, Joe (2000). Non-uniformity in English secondary stress: the role of ranked and lexically specific constraints. Phonology 17. 237–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pater, Joe (2006). The locus of exceptionality: morpheme-specific phonology as constraint indexation. In Bateman, Leah, O'Keefe, Michael, Reilly, Ehren & Werle, Adam (eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory III. Amherst: GLSA. 259–296.Google Scholar
Phelps, Elaine (1973). Tonkawa, Sundanese, and Kasem: some problems in generative phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Washington.Google Scholar
Phelps, Elaine (1975). Iteration and disjunctive domains in phonology. Linguistic Analysis 1. 137–172.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (1990). Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. CLS 26:2. 355–398.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (2002). Arguing optimality. In Carpenter, Angela, Coetzee, Andries & Lacy, Paul (eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory II. Amherst: GLSA. 269–304.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul (2004). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Curtis (1992). Binarity and ternarity in metrical theory: parametric extensions. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Rosenthall, Sam (1994). Vowel/glide alternation in a theory of constraint interaction. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Rosenthall, Sam & van der Hulst, Harry (1999). Weight-by-Position by position. NLLT 17. 499–540.Google Scholar
Spaelti, Philip (1997). Dimensions of variation in multi-pattern reduplication. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1988). Reduplication and syllable transfer in Sanskrit and elsewhere. Phonology 5. 73–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbanczyk, Suzanne (2006). Reduplication form and the root-affix asymmetry. NLLT 24. 179–240.Google Scholar
Walker, Rachel (1998). Minimizing RED: nasal copy in Mbe. Available as ROA-264 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Walker, Rachel (2000). Nasal reduplication in Mbe affixation. Phonology 17. 65–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Rachel (2002). Yuhup prosodic morphology and a case of augmentation. NELS 32. 551–562.Google Scholar
Wilbur, Ronnie (1973). The phonology of reduplication. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira (1998). Identity avoidance in phonology and morphology. In Lapointe, Steven, Brentari, Diane & Farrell, Patrick (eds.) Morphology and its relation to phonology and syntax. Stanford: CSLI. 216–246.Google Scholar
Yu, Alan C. L. (2005). Quantity, stress and reduplication in Washo. Phonology 22. 437–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoll, Cheryl (1993). Directionless syllabification and ghosts in Yawelmani. Ms, University of California, Berkeley. Available as ROA-28 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar