Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T23:44:54.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The threat to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in Africa, and how this threat could be diminished*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2009

Stephanie Pendry
Affiliation:
Fauna & Flora International, Great Eastern House, Tenison Road, Cambridge CB1 2DT, UK. Fax: + 44 1223 461 481; e-mail: info@fauna-flora.org.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The threat that the bushmeat trade presents to primates and other taxa was assessed from the literature, including data from markets, village hunting studies and logging concessions in Central and West Africa. In many cases the numbers of both common and protected species of primate being killed throughout the region are thought to be unsustainable. This is also the case for other taxa involved in the bushmeat trade, which crosses geographic, cultural and economic boundaries. A suite of measures must be considered to mitigate the effects of this trade, and these measures will have to recognize the local, regional and national socio-economic importance of the trade if they are to result in long-term conservation success.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Fauna and Flora International 1999

Footnotes

*

The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Fauna & Flora International.

References

Alvard, M. (1995) Shotguns and sustainable hunting in the Neotropics. Oryx, 29 (1), 5865.Google Scholar
Ammann, K. (1998) The Conservation Status of the Bonobo in the 1-million hectare SIFORZAL/DANZER Logging Concession in Central Congo. Unpublished report, World Society for the Protection of Animals, London, UK.Google Scholar
Anstey, S. (1991) Wildlife Utilisation in Liberia. World Wide Fund For Nature/Liberian Forestry Development Authority survey report. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Basabose, K., Mbake, S. & Yamagiwa, J. (1995) Research and conservation of eastern lowland gorillas in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. Gorilla Conservation News, 9, 1112. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Behra, O. (1987) Etude de repartition des populations de crocodiles du Congo, du Gabon et de la RCA. leme, 2eme et 3eme partie: Gabon. Secretariat de la Faune et de la Flore, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Behra, O. (1993) Cameroon FAO crocodile management project. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter, 12 (1), 16.Google Scholar
Bennett, Hennessey A. (1995) A Study of the Meat Trade in Ouesso, Republic of Congo. Wildlife Conservation Society/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), New York, USA.Google Scholar
Blake, S. (1993) A reconnaissance of the Likoula swamps of Northern Congo and its implications for conservation. MSc thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Blake, S. (1994) A Reconnaissance Survey in the Kabo Logging Concession south of the Nouable-Ndoke National Park, North Congo. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Bodmer, R. (in press). Sustainable use of Amazonian mammals: implications for community-based protected areas. In Future Priorities for Conserving Mammalian Diversity (eds Entwistle, A. C. and Dunstone, N. A.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Boussougou, R. (1994) Estimation de la Pression de Autour d'un camp forestier au Gabon. L'Ecole des Eaux et Forêts, Libreville, Gabon.Google Scholar
Bowen-Jones, E. (1998) A Review of the Commercial Bushmeat Trade with Emphasis on Central /West Africa and the Great Apes. Ape Alliance, London, UK.Google Scholar
Butynski, T.M. & Koster, H. (1994) Distribution and conservation status of primates in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Biodiversity and Conservation, 3, 893909.Google Scholar
Caldecott, J.O., Jenkins, M.D., Johnson, T. & Groombridge, B. (1994) Priorities for Conserving Global Species Richness and Endemism. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Child, B., Ward, S. & Tavengwa, T. (1997) Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE Programme: Natural Resource Management by the People. IUCN-ROSA, Environmental Issues Series No. 2, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Delvingt, W. (1997) ‘La Chasse Villageoise’. Synthèse régional des Etudes réalisées durant la première phase du Programme ECOFAC au Cameroun, au Congo et en République Centrafricaine. ECOFAC/AGRECO, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Dethier, M. (1995) Etude du chasse. ECOFAC/AGRECO, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Eves, H.E. (1996) Socio-economic study 1996 Nouable-Ndoki National Park Congo. Draft documents submitted to Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Fa, J.E. (in press) Hunted animals in Bioko island, West Africa: sustainability and future. In Sustainability of Hunting in Tropical Forests (eds Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E.), Columbia University Press, Columbia, USA.Google Scholar
Fa, J.E., Juste, J., Perez, del Val J. & Castroviejo, J. (1995) Impact of market hunting on mammal species in Equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology, 9 (5), 11071115.Google Scholar
Fay, J.M. (1989) Partial completion of a census of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla Savage and Wyman) in southwestern Central African Republic. Mammalia, 53 (2), 203215.Google Scholar
Gadsby, E.L. (1990) The Status and Distribution of the Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) in Nigeria. Report to Wildlife Conservation International, WWF (US), WWF (UK) and the Nigerian Government.Google Scholar
Gadsby, E.L. & Jenkins, P.D. (1992) Report on Hunting in the Proposed Etinde Forest Reserve. Cameroon.Google Scholar
Gartland, S. (1990) Practical constraints on sustainable logging in Cameroon. In Proceedings of the Conference sur la Conservation et I'Utilization Rationalle de la Forêt dense d'Afrique Centrale et de L'Ouist, 5–9 November 1990. African Development Bank/IUCN/World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Gippoliti, S. & Dellomo, G. (1995) Status and conservation of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) in Guinea-Bissau. African Primates, 1 (1), 35.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, M.L. (1995) Ranging and grouping patterns of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) in the Central African Republic. Gorilla Conservation News, 9, 56. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York.Google Scholar
Hall, J. (1993) Report on the Strategic Planning Mission for the Creation of a Protected Area in the Lobéké Region of South-eastern Cameroon: Assessment of Timber Exploitation, Safari Hunting and Preliminary Vegetation Analysis. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Harcourt, A.H. (1980) Gorilla-eaters of Gabon. Oryx, 15 (3), 248251.Google Scholar
Harcourt, A.H. (1995) Is the gorilla a threatened species? How should we judge? Biological Conservation, 7, 134142.Google Scholar
Harcourt, C.S. & Ellerton, N.G. (1995) A Brief Look at the Primates of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. World Wide Fund for Nature—UK and Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Chester, UK.Google Scholar
Hart, J.A. (1978) From subsistence to market: a case study of the Mbuti net hunters. Human Ecology, 6, 323353.Google Scholar
Hart, T.B. & Hart, J.A. (1986) The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rainforests: the Mbuti of eastern Zaire. Human Ecology, 14, 2955.Google Scholar
Heymans, J.C. (1994) Utilisation rationalle de la Faune sauvage-elevage de petit Gibier. Republique de Guinee Equatoriale. Ministère de l'Agriculture, Pêche et Alimentation. Groupement Agrer and Agriconsulting—CIRAD Forêt, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Infield, M. (1988) Hunting, Trapping and Fishing in Villages within and on the Periphery of the Korup National Park. World Wildlife Fund report, Washington DC, USA.Google Scholar
IUCN (1996) 1996 IUCN Red list of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Jori, F. (1997) Etude sur la Faisabilite de l'Elevage commercial d'Espèces sauvages au Gabon. World Wide Fund For Nature—Gabon, Libreville, Gabon.Google Scholar
Juste, J., Fa, J.E., Perez, del Val J. & Castroviejo, J. (1995) Market dynamics of bushmeat species in Equatorial Guinea. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 454467.Google Scholar
Kano, T. & Asato, R. (1994) Hunting pressure on chimpanzees and gorillas in the Motaba river area, northeastern Congo. African Study Monographs, 15 (3), 143162.Google Scholar
Kemf, E. & Wilson, A. (1997) Great Apes in the Wild. World Wide Fund For Nature Status Report, Gland, Switzerland.Google Scholar
King, S. (1994) Utilisation of wildlife in Bakossiland, West Cameroon, with particular reference to primates. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 14 (2), 6373.Google Scholar
Kingdon, J. (1997) The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Lahm, S. (1996) Gabon's village hunting: assessing its impact. African Primates, 2 (1), 2324.Google Scholar
Lewis, D.M. & Phiri, A (1998) Wildlife snaring—an indicator of community response to a community-based conservation project. Oryx, 32 (2), 111121.Google Scholar
Malonga, R. (1996) Circuit commercial de la Viande de Chasse a Brazzaville. Wildlife Conservation Society/Global Environment Facility, New York, USA.Google Scholar
McFarland, K. (1994) Update on gorillas in Cross River State, Nigeria. Gorilla Conservation News, 8, 1314.Google Scholar
de Merode, E. (1997) Interim Report on the APFT Project on the Analysis of Data Collected in the Communities surrounding Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, for a Study of Bushmeat Utilisation amongst the Azande. University College, London, UK.Google Scholar
Muchaal, P.K. & Ngandjui, G. (1995) Secteur ouest de la Reserve de Faune du Dja (Cameroun): Evaluation de l'Impact de la Chasse villageoise sur les Populations Animates et Propositions d' Amenagement en Vue d'une Exploitation rationnelle. Programme de Conservation et d'Utilisation Rationalle des Ecosystems Forestiers en Afrique Centrale (ECOFAQ)/Ministry of Environment and Forests, Yaounde, Cameroon.Google Scholar
Njiforti, H.L. (1996) Preferences and present demand for bushmeat in north Cameroon: some implications for wildlife conservation. Experimental Conservation, 23 (2), 149155.Google Scholar
Noss, A.J. (1997) Challenges to nature conservation with community development in central African forests. Oryx, 31 (3), 180187.Google Scholar
Noss, A.J. (1998) The impacts of cable snare hunting on wildlife populations in the forests of the Central African Republic. Conservation Biology, 12 (2), 390397.Google Scholar
Oates, J.F. & Davies, A.G. (1986) Primate conservation in West Africa. In Current Issues in Primate Conservation (ed. Stevenson, M. F.). Primate Eye, 29(Suppl.), 2024.Google Scholar
Pearce, J. (1996) Wildlife and Timber Exploitation in Gabon: A Case Study of the Leroy Concession, Foret des Abeilles. World Society for the Protection of Animals, London, UK.Google Scholar
Pearce, J. & Ammann, K. (1995) Slaughter of the Apes: How the Tropical Timber Industry is Devouring Africas Great Apes. World Society for the Protection of Animals, London, UK.Google Scholar
Prescott, J., Rapley, W.A. & Mewondo, J.M. (1994) Statut de chimpanzees et gorilles au Cameroun. Le Courier de la Nature, 148, 3441.Google Scholar
Redmond, I. (1989) Trade in Gorillas and Other Primates in the People's Republic of Congo. Report to International Primate Protection League, UK.Google Scholar
Rice, T. & Counsell, S. (1993) Forests Foregone: The European Community's Trade in Tropical Timbers and the Destruction of the Rainforests. Friends of the Earth report, London, UK.Google Scholar
Robinson, J.G. (1995) Hunting Wildlife in Forest Patches: An Ephemeral Resource. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Robinson, J.G. & Bennett, E. (eds) (in press) Sustainability of Hunting in Tropical Forests. Columbia University Press, Columbia, USA.Google Scholar
Robinson, J.G. & Redford, K.H. (1994) Measuring the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests. Oryx, 28 (4), 249256.Google Scholar
Sabater, J. (1981) Exploitation of gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) Savage and Wymann 1847, in Rio Muni, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, W. Africa. Biological Conservation, 19, 131140.Google Scholar
Sayer, J.A., Harcourt, C.S. & Collins, N.M. (1992) The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Africa. IUCN/Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.Google Scholar
Steel, E.A. (1994) Study of the Value and Volume of Bushmeat Commerce in Gabon. WWF Programme pour le Gabon, Libreville, Gabon.Google Scholar
Stromayer, K.A.K. & Ekobo, A. (1991) Biological Surveys of Southeastern Cameroon. European Union/Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Tutin, C.E.G. & Fernandez, M. (1984) Nation-wide census of gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) populations in Gabon. American journal of Primatology, 6, 313336.Google Scholar
Usongo, L. & Curran, B. (1996) Le commerce de la viande de chasse au sud-est du Cameroun dans la region trinationale. African Primates, 2 (1), 25.Google Scholar
Vanwijnsberghe, S. (1996) Etude sur la Chasse villageoise aux Environs au Pare d'Odzala. Programme de Conservation et d'Utilisation Rationalle des Ecosystems Forestiers en Afrique Central (ECOFAQ)/Agrer and Agriconsulting (AGRECO), Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
White, L.J.T. (1994) The effect of commercial mechanised selective logging on a transect in lowland rainforest in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10, 313322.Google Scholar
Wildlife Conservation Society (1996) The Lobéké Forest: Southeast Cameroon. Summary of Activities Period 1988–1995. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Wilkie, D.S. & Finn, J.T. (1990) Slash-burn cultivation and mammal abundance in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Biotropica, 22 (1), 9099.Google Scholar
Wilkie, D.S., Sidle, J.G. & Boundzanga, G.C. (1992) Mechanised logging, market hunting, and a bank loan in Congo. Conservation Biology, 6 (4), 570580.Google Scholar
Wilkie, D.S., Curran, B., Tshombe, R. & Morelli, G.A. (1998) Managing bushmeat hunting in Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx, 32 (2), 131144.Google Scholar
Wilson, C.C. & Wilson, W.D. (1991) La chasse traditionelle et commercial dans le sud-oueste du Congo. Tauraco Research Report, 4, 279289.Google Scholar