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IV. Staging Receptions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2016

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Extract

The focus of this chapter is on reception and staging, including opera, dance and physical theatre. There are two aspects of staging which raise crucial issues for reception studies. The first is that staging implies a live performance, a live audience. Each live performance is different and it is impossible to recapture it to allow the kind of analysis and debate about an established ‘text’ that is possible when discussing a poem or a painting. In fact, the task of the theatre historian in trying to reconstruct past performances has been compared with that of an art historian trying to study paintings solely on the basis of descriptions: One only needs to imagine what a history of painting would look like where the author had at his disposal neither originals nor copies of pictures but only any number of good descriptions! The historian of the theatre finds himself provisionally in just such a situation as soon as he leaves the realm of his own perception’. In the 1920s when this distinction was drawn it was a radical one since it added to a historiographical approach, which was already shared with cognate areas of study, a new approach based on personal observation. This provided a counterweight to the transitory character of theatrical performance.

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Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Classical Association 2003

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References

1 Bat, Julius, Das Theater der Gegenwart: Geschichte der dramatischer Bühne seit 1870 (Leipzig, 1928), 231 translated and discussed by Balme, Christopher B. Google Scholar, Interpreting the Pictorial Record: Theatre Iconography and the Referential Dilemma’ in Theatre Research International (Special Edition, Theatre and Iconography) vol. 22, no. 3 (1997), 180201.Google Scholar

2 In autumn 2002 the database of the Research Project on the Reception of Greek Texts and Images in Late 20th Century Drama and Poetry in English had recorded 606 examples covering the period from the 1970s to the beginning of the 21st century, with many more waiting to be documented. The data base can be searched at http://www2.open.ac.uk/ClassicalStudies/GreekPlays/.

3 Unfortunately major studies of the constituent aspects of performance are rare. A notable exception is Herbert, Jocelyn, A Theatre Workbook, (ed.) Courtney, Cathy (London, 1993)Google Scholar. This contains over 500 illustrations of Herbert’s designs.

4 For a study of the social and cultural bias of the theatrical review as a source for theatre history, see Hardwick, L., ‘The Theatrical Review as a Primary Source for the Modern Reception of Greek Drama: a Preliminary Evaluation’ at http://www2.open.ac.uk/ClassicalStudies/GreekPlays/Webpages/Projectsite/Reviews.html Google Scholar. A few major companies have co-operated in accounts of their work, for example Croall, Jonathan, Peter Hall’s Bacchai: the National Theatre at Work (London, 2002)Google Scholar.

5 A critical study of the role of the theatre practitioner interview in reception research is being conducted by Alison Burke and will be published in 2003 at http://www2.open.ac.uk/ClassicalStudies/GreekPlays/Webpages/essays/essaypage.htm.

6 For Greek drama, the work of Taplin, Oliver is central, especially The Stagecraft of Aeschylus (Oxford, 1977)Google Scholar; Greek Tragedy in Action (London, 1978); Comic Angels and Other Approaches to Greek Drama through Vase-Paintings (Oxford, 1993)Google Scholar, together with Wiles, David, Tragedy in Athens: Performance Space and Theatrical Meaning (Cambridge, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Greek Theatre Performance: an Introduction (Cambridge, 2000)Google Scholar. The study of the material environment is summarized in Green, J.R., ‘Forty Years of Theatre Research and its Future Directions’ in Hardwick, L., Easterling, P.E., Ireland, S., Lowe, N. and Macintosh, F. (edd.), Theatre: Ancient and Modern (Milton Keynes, 2000), 120. This has an extensive bibliography and is also available electronically at http://www.open.a-c.uk/Arts/CC99/green.html Google Scholar. For study of the Roman theatre, the best starting point is Beacham, R.C., The Roman theatre and its audience (London, 1995)Google Scholar, together with Brown, Peter G. McC., ‘Actors and actor-managers at Rome in the time of Plautus and Terence’ in Easterling, P. and Hall, E. (edd.), Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession (Cambridge, 2002), 225237 Google Scholar.

7 See Macintosh, Fiona’s discussion of the inaudibility of the masked actors in the 1981 production of Harrison, Tony’s translation of The Oresteia, directed by Hall, Peter Google Scholar, in Macintosh, F., ‘Tragedy in Performance: Nineteenth-and Twentieth-century Productions’ in Easterling, P.E. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (Cambridge, 1997), 24323 Google Scholar and Wiles, D., ‘The Use of Masks in Modern Performances of Greek Drama’ in Hall, E., Macintosh, F. and Wrigley, A. (edd.), Dionysus since ‘69 (Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar.

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9 Recent scholarship has broadened this study to explore the relationship with other aspects of performance culture in religion, politics and social practices; see Goldhill, S. and Osborne, R. (edd.)? Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy (Cambridge, 1999)Google Scholar, and Wiles, D., ‘Theatre in Roman and Christian Europe’ in Brown, J.R. (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Theatre (Oxford, 1995), 4992 Google Scholar.

10 For a detailed discussion of theatrical semiotics and associated research on universality and cultural specificity, see Fischer-Lichte, Erika, The Semiotics of Theatre, tr. Gaines, Jeremy and Jones, Doris L. (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1992) (originally published in three volumes in 1983 as Semiotik des Theaters (Tübingen))Google Scholar.

11 See the analysis of Greek plays on the twentieth-century American stage in relation to periods of war and peace in Hartigan, Karelisa V., Greek Tragedy on the American Stage (Westport CT, 1995)Google Scholar.

12 Hall, E., Macintosh, F. and Taplin, O. (edd.), Medea in Performance 1500–2000 (Oxford, 2000)Google Scholar.

13 Furthermore, re-location of key debates to a supposedly neutral setting has been proven to be a good way of defeating censorship. See Meech, Anthony, ‘The Irrepressible in Pursuit of the Impossible, Translating the Theatre of the GDR’ in Upton, Carole-Anne (ed.), Moving Target: Theatre Translation and Cultural Relocation (Manchester, 2000), 12737 Google Scholar and Hardwick, L., Translating Words, Translating Cultures (London, 2000), ch. 4 ‘Translation as Critique and Intervention’Google Scholar.

14 For the development of the history of the Cambridge Greek play, see Easterling, P.E.Greek Plays at Cambridge’ in Le Theatre Antique de Nos Jours: Symposium International à Delphes 18–21 Août 1981 (Athens), 8994 Google Scholar and The early years of the Cambridge Greek play’ in Stray, C.A. (ed.), Classics in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community, PCPS Supplement 24 (Cambridge, 1999), 2747 Google Scholar.

15 For further discussion, see Macintosh in Easterling (ed.) (1997).

16 See Hardwick, L., Electro, and the Theatre of Affliction: towards a textual turn?’, Didaskalia, special edition on Sophocles’ Electra, vol. 5 no. 3 (2002), published electronically at www.didaskalia.net.Google Scholar

17 Aeschylus, Agamemnon, lines 658–9; Stuttard, D., Agamemnon (York, 1999), 12.Google Scholar

18 Source: interview with David Stuttard, March 2001.

19 Aeschylus, Agamemnon, lines 968–9.

20 Lattimore, R.L. The Oresteia (Chicago, 1954)Google Scholar.

21 Lloyd-Jones, H., Aeschylus: Oresteia (London, 1982)Google Scholar.

22 Aeschylus, Agamemnon, lines 1377–8; Stuttard (1999), 26.

23 For further discussion of translations of Agamemnon see Hardwick, L., ‘Staging Agamemnon: the languages of translation’ in Macintosh, F. (ed.), Agamemnon Staged’. Proceedings of the Agamemnon Conference 2001 (Oxford, 2003/4)Google Scholar.

24 Stuttard, D., Acting Script for Trojan Women (York, 2002), 16.Google Scholar

25 Barlow, S. (ed., tr. and commentary), Euripides, Trojan Women (Warminster, 1986)Google Scholar.

26 Source: interview with David Stuttard, August 2002.

27 Published text: Dunlop, Bill, Klytemnestra’s Bairns (Edinburgh, 1993)Google Scholar.

28 Dunlop, Bill, ‘Klytemnestra’s Bairns: Adapting Aeschylus into Scots’, International Journal of Scottish Theatre, vol. 1 no. 1 (2000) (http://arts.qmuc.ac.uk/ijost/Volumel_nol/B_Dunlop.htm)Google Scholar.

29 Tr.Lowell, Robert, The Oresteia of Aeschylus (New York, 1978)Google Scholar and tr. Vellacott, Philip, The Oresteian Trilogy (Harmondsworth, 1959)Google Scholar.

30 For further discussion see Hardwick, L., ‘Classical Theatre in Modern Scotland – a Democratic Stage?’ in Hardwick, L. and Gillespie, C. (edd.), Crossing Boundaries through Greek Tragedy, Selected Proceedings of the Open Colloquium (Milton Keynes, 2003)Google Scholar.

31 Brown, I. and Sherlock, C., ‘Antigone, a Scots/Welsh Experience of Mythical and Theatrical Translation’ in Bowker, L., Cronin, M., Kenny, D. and Pearson, J. (edd.), Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies (Manchester, 1998), 2537 Google Scholar and Brown, I., Ramage, J. and Sherlock, C., ‘Scots and Welsh: Theatrical Translation and Theatrical Languages,’ International Journal of Scottish Theatre vol. 1 no. 2 (2000), http://arts.qmuc.ac.uk/iiost/Volumel_no2/I_Brown.htm.Google Scholar On translation of Greek plays into Welsh see further L. Llewellyn-Jones, ‘Trasidei Gymraeg: Is there a Classical Tradition in Welsh Language Drama?’ in L. Hardwick and C. Gillespie (edd.) (2003).

32 Notably Sommerstein, Alan in his translation of Aristophanes, Lysistrata (London, 1973)Google Scholar, in which the Spartans speak in Scots dialect.

33 Meineck, P., Translator’s Preface, Aristophanes (Clouds, Wasps, Birds) (Indianapolis and Cambridge, 1998), xxxviiviii.Google Scholar

34 Silk, M., Aristophanes and the Definition of Comedy (Oxford, 2000), especially ch. 3 ‘Language and style’Google Scholar.

35 Silk (2000), 158–9.

36 Published text, O’Brien, S., Aristophanes: Birds (London, 2002)Google Scholar.

37 Partly because at three hours’ duration the performance tested to the limit the audience’s endurance of the cramped temporary seating at the Lyttleton Theatre.

38 Dominic Cavendish, The Daily Telegraph, July 29th, 2002.

39 Michael Billington, The Guardian, July 29th, 2002.

40 The use of movement at the rehearsal stage was also a feature of the RNT production of Euripides’ The Bacchai, directed by Peter Hall in summer 2002, when both Greg Hicks as Dionysus and the members of the Chorus drew on Japanese Butoh techniques. However, this aspect was by no means fully integrated into the subsequent performances. See further Amanda Wrigley, ‘Review of Royal National Theatre’s Bacchai”, FAC T Review, second series, no. 32 (2002), 12–14.

41 Mezzabotta, M., ‘Ancient Drama in the New South Africa’ in Hardwick, L. et al. (edd.), Theatre Ancient and Modern (Milton Keynes, 2000), 246-68, 253Google Scholar.

42 Leatherman, LeRoy, Martha Graham: Portrait of the Lady as an Artist, quoted and discussed in Chioles, J., The Oresteia and the avant-garde: three decades of discourse’, Performing Arts Journal, no. 45 (1993), 128 Google Scholar.

43 For discussion see P. Burian, ‘Tragedy adapted for stages and screens: the Renaissance to the present’ in Easterling (ed.), 1997, 228–83, esp. 261–71.

44 Goldhill, S., ‘Blood from the shadows: Strauss’ disgusting, degenerate Elektra’ in Who Needs Greek? Contests in the Cultural History of Hellenism (Cambridge, 2002), 10877.Google Scholar

45 Goldhill (2002), 7.

46 See especially McDonald, Marianne, ‘Medea è mobile: the Many Faces of Medea in Opera’ in Hall, E., Macintosh, F. and Taplin, O. (edd.), Medea in Performance, 1500–2000 (Oxford, 2000), 10018 Google Scholar and Ewans, M., Wagner and Aeschylus: the Ring and the Oresteia (London, 1982)Google Scholar.

47 Golder, H., ‘Geek Tragedy? Why I’d rather go to the movies’, Arion, third series 4.1 (Spring 1996), 174209.Google Scholar

48 For discussion of the impact of non-western theatrical traditions on modern productions of Greek drama, see F. Macintosh in Easterling (1997) and Wiles (2000). For recuperation of lost elements, see Hardwick, L., ‘Greek Drama and anti-colonialism: Decolonising Classics’ in Hall, E., Macintosh, F. and Wrigley, A. (edd.) (Oxford, 2003), forthcoming.Google Scholar

49 Important recent additions to this research are in Easterling, P. and Hall, E. (edd.), Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession (Cambridge, 2002)Google Scholar.