Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-13T06:25:54.125Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Prophet Muhammad as an Exemplar in War: Ottoman Views on the Eve of World War I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

Gottfried Hagen
Gottfried Hagen*
Affiliation:
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The past to which a society refers in search of clues for self-identification and confirmation for its hopes and aspirations is not an objective reality. It is a myth that can be defined as “a (preferably narrative) reference to the past in order to shed light from there on present and future” (Assmann 1997, p. 78). However, the function of myth is not generally to legitimize the present order or to continue it into the future. It may also work as a counter-principle of the present, contrasting it with a better past and betraying the experience of a fundamental deficiency in present society. Assmann thus distinguishes several functions of the myth collectively termed mythomotoric: It can either serve the present (präsentisch, fundierend) or criticize it (kontrapräsentisch, in its extreme forms revolutionary) (Assmann 1997, pp. 80-86).

Type
Articles
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 22 , Spring 2000 , pp. 145 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Cevdet, Abdullah (Doktor). 1908. Tarih-i İslamiyet. Cairo: Matbaa-i ıctihad.Google Scholar
Ağırakça, Ahmet. 1986. “Ahmed Cevdet Paşa‘nın ‘Kısas-ı enbiyâ ve tevârîh-i hulefâ”sının islâm tarihi kaynakları,’” in Ahmed Cevdet Paşa Semineri. Bildiriler, Istanbul, pp. 127-44.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Shahab. 1998. “Ibn Taymiyya and the Satanic Verses.” Studia Islamica 87/2, pp. 67–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paşa, Ahmed Cevdet. Kısas-ı Enbiya ve Tevarih-i Hulefa. Istanbul: Darü't-Tıbaati'l-Âmire, n.d.Google Scholar
Hilmi, Ahmed (Şehbenderzade Filibeli). 1910-1911. Tarih-i Ìslam. Vols. 1-2. Istanbul: Hikmet Matbaası, 1326-27 m.Google Scholar
Refik, Ahmed. 1906. Gazevat-i Celile-i Peygamberî, Istanbul: İbrahim Hilmi, 1324 h. 1912. Büyük Tarih-i Umumî. Vols. 1-6. Istanbul: Agob Matyosyan Matbaası, 1328 m.Google Scholar
Akgün, Mehmet. 1988. Materyalizmin Türkiye'ye girişi ve ilk etkileri. Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan. 1997. Das kulturelle Gedächtnis. Schrift, Erinnerung und Identität in frühen Hochkulturen. 2d rev. ed. Munich: C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Berkes, Niyazi. 1964. The Development of Secularism in Turkey. Montreal: McGill University Press (repr. London: Hurst and Company, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beydilli, Kemal. 1995. Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne, Mühendishâne Matbaası ve Kütüphanesi, Istanbul: Eren.Google Scholar
Birkeland, Harris. 1955. The Legend of the Opening of Muhammed's Breast. Oslo: Norske Videnskaps-Akademi.Google Scholar
Brockelmann, Carl. 1937–1949. Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Zweite, den Supplementbänden angepaßte Auflage. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Nuri, Celal. 1914. Hâtimü'l-Enbiya. Istanbul: Yeni Osmanlı Matbaa ve Kütübhanesi, 1332 h.Google Scholar
Çetin, İsmet. 1997. Türk Edebiyatında Hz. Alî Cenknâmeleri. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 1993. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse. 2d ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Conermann, Stephan. 1999. “Mythen, Geschichte(n), Identitäten-ein Einführung,” in 2d ed. (ed.), Mythen, Geschichte(n), Identitäten: Der Kampf um die Vergangenheit. Hamburg: E. B.-Verlag, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
Debus, Esther. 1991. Sebilürreşâd. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung zur islamischen Opposition der vor- und nachkemalistischen Ara. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1992. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Hagen, Gottfried. 1990. Die Türkei im Ersten Weltkrieg. Flugblätter und Flugschriften in arabischer, persischer und osmanisch-türkischer Sprache aus einer Sammlung der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg eingeleitet, übersetzt und kommentiert. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
İzzet, Hafız (el-Нас). 1913. Meva'izü‘l-cihad ve'd-din li-asakiri'l-müvah-hidin. Istanbul: Matbaa-i Askeriye.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. 1981. Bir siyasal düşünür olarak Doktor Abdullah Cevdet ve dönemi, Istanbul: Üçdal Neşriyat.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. 1995. The Young Turks in Opposition. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. 1997. “Garbcilar: Their attitudes toward religion and their impact on the official ideology of the Turkish Republic,” Studia Islamica 86/2, pp. 133-58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, Christoph. 1996. Geschichte und Ideologie: Mehmed Murad und Celal Nuri über die historischen Ursachen des osmanischen Niedergangs. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1972. “The Social Function of the Past: Some Questions,” Past & Present 55, pp. 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1983. “Introduction: Inventing Traditions,” in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fenni, İsmail (Ertuğrul). 1928. Kitab-ı İzale-i Şükuk. Dozy'nin Tarih-i İslamiyet unvanlı kitabı üzerine reddiyedir. Istanbul: Orhaniye Matbaası.Google Scholar
Hakkı, İsmail (İzmirli). 1916. Gazilere Armağan, Istanbul: Matbaa-i Askeriye 1332 m.Google Scholar
Hakkı, İsmail (İzmirli). 1914. Siyer-i Celile-i Nebeviye, Istanbul: Sebilürreşâd Kütübhanesi, 1332 h.Google Scholar
İstanbul Ansiklopedisi = Dünden Bugüne istanbul Ansiklopedisi. Vols. 1-7. Istanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı, 1993–1995.Google Scholar
Karal, Enver Ziya. 1996. Osmanlı Tarihi. IX. İkinci Meşrutiyet ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı (1908-1918). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.Google Scholar
Kister, M. J. 1994. “‘… And he was born circumcised …’ Some notes on circumcision in Hadis,” Oriens 34, pp. 10–30.Google Scholar
Kitab-ı Siyer-i Nebí. 1890. Istanbul: Matbaa-i Osmaniye, 1308 h.Google Scholar
Krüger, Hilmar. 1978. Fetwa und Siyar: Zur internationalrechtlichen Gutachtenpraxis der osmanischen Şeyh ül-Islam vom 17. bis 19. Jahrhundert und der besonderer Berücksichtigung des “Behcet ül-Fetava.” Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Bekir. 1994. Vekayi'nüvis [annotated article for the İslam Ansiklopedisi], in Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, Vekayi'nüvis. Makaleler, Istanbul: Fetih Cemiyeti, pp. 103–38.Google Scholar
Lutfullah Ahmed. See Naci Kasım.Google Scholar
Mardin, Şerif. 1962. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Memduh, Mehmed (Musahibzade). 1917. Gazevat-i Celile-i Peygamberî (Muharebat). Istanbul: Yeni Osmanlı Matbaa ve Kütübhanesi.Google Scholar
Tahir, Mehmed (Bursalı). 1914–1923. Osmanlı Müellifleri. Vols. 1-3. Istanbul: Matbaa-i Âmire, 1333-42 h.Google Scholar
Müller, Herbert Landolin. 1991. Islam, Cihad und Deutsches Reich: .ein Nachspiel zur wilhelminischen Weltpolitik im Maghreb 1914-1918. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Kasım, Naci. 1915–1916. Hayat-ı Hazret-i Muhammed. Vols. 1-3. Istanbul: Kader Matbaası, 1331-32 m.Google Scholar
Namık, Kemal. 1975. Büyük İslâm Tarihi, ed. İhsan Ilgar, Istanbul: Hürriyet Yayınları.Google Scholar
Neumann, Christoph K. 1994. Das indirekte Argument. Ein Plädoyer für die Tanzimat vermittels der Historie. Die geschichtliche Bedeutung von Ahmed Cevdet Paşa's Ta'rih. N. p.: LIT-Verlag.Google Scholar
Peters, Rudolph. 1979. Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. The Hague, Paris, New York: Mouton.Google Scholar
Royster, James E. 1978. “Muhammad as Teacher and Exemplar,” The Muslim World 68 (October), pp. 235-58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Uri. 1975. “Pre-existence and light. Aspects of the concept of Nur Muhammad,” Jerusalem Oriental Studies, pp. 62–119.Google Scholar
Sabanegh, E. S. 1981. Muhammad b. Abdallah “Le Prophète.” Portraits contemporains-Égypte 1930-1950. Paris, n.d. [1981].Google Scholar
Paşa, Said (Diyarbekirli). 1886. Miratü'l-iber. Vol. 5. Istanbul: Der Saadet, 1304 h.Google Scholar
Schimmel, Annemarie. 1995. Und Muhammad ist Sein Prophet. Die Verehrung des Propheten in der islamischen Frömmigkeit. 3d ed. München: Diederichs.Google Scholar
Sezen, Lütfi. 1991. Halk Edebiyatında Hamzanâmeler. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.Google Scholar
Şeker, Mehmed, and Baloğlu, Adnan Bülent (eds.). 1996. İzmirli İsmail Hakkı. Vefatının 50 yılı Anısına. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.Google Scholar
Shaw, Ezel Kural. 1977. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sprenger, Aloys. 1861–1865. Das Leben und die Lehre des Muhammed. Vols. 1-3. Berlin.Google Scholar
Sümer, Faruk. 1991. “Yavuz Selim s'est-il proclamé calife?” Turcica 21-23, pp. 343-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanındı, Zeren. 1984. Siyer-i Nebí. İslâm Tasvir Sanatında Hz. Muhammed'in Hayatı. N.p.: Hürriyet Vakfı Yayınlan.Google Scholar
Tunaya, Tarık Zafer. 1962. İslamcılık Cereyanı. Meşrutiyet'in siyasî hayatı boyunca gelişmesi ve bugüne bıraktığı meseleler, Istanbul: Baha Matbaası.Google Scholar
Ülken, Hilmi Ziya. 1994. Türkiye'de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi. 4th ed. Istanbul: Ülken.Google Scholar
İsmail Hakkı, Uzunçarşılı. 1965. Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda İlmiye Teşkilatı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.Google Scholar
Van Os, Nicole A. N. M. 1999. “Ottoman Women's Reaction to the Economic and Cultural Intrusion of the West: The Quest for a National Dress,” in Dissociation and Appropriation. Responses to Globalization in Asia and Africa, ed. Füllberg-Stolberg, Katjaet al.Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, pp. 291–308.Google Scholar
Suad, Yusuf (Düzceli). 1909. Akvemü's-Siyer. Fase. 1-5. Istanbul: Yeni Osmanlı Matbaası.Google Scholar
Suad, Yusuf (Düzceli). 1909a. Türkçe Akvemü's-Siyer. Istanbul: Yeni Osmanlı Matbaası, 1327 h.Google Scholar
Zürcher, Erik Jan. 1993. Turkey: A Modern History. London: I. B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar