Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-tsvsl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-27T23:44:46.207Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Agrarian Populism as an Ideological Discourse of Interwar Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

M. Asım Karaömerlioğlu
M. Asım Karaömerlioğlu*
Affiliation:
Atatürk Institute, Boğaziçi University.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Europe of the interwar years witnessed the rise of agrarian populism in several countries. In a sense, something in the “spirit of the age” paved the way for the rise of agrarian ideologies throughout the world. The impact of the Great Depression also played a role in the rise of this phenomenon, since urbanization, industrialization, and liberalism increasingly were seen as responsible for this global economic catastrophe. Turkey of the 1930s and afterward witnessed the rise of such a populism, with an emphasis on the cult of the peasant as one of the most important intellectual motifs of cultural and political discourse. As a matter of fact, agrarian populism, or the so-called köycülük (peasantism), as it was referred to in Turkish, was one of the most important constituent elements of Kemalist populism from the early 1930s through the end of World War II. In this period, the state devised cultural and practical projects for an ideological campaign emphasizing the significance of improving the social and economic conditions of the peasantry. For this reason, in the Turkish press, many wrote about köycülük, and official and semiofficial state institutions such as People’s Houses organized peasantist (köycü) activities throughout the country. The impact of such an intellectual campaign could be seen in some of the most important undertakings of the single-party regime, such as the establishment of the Village Institutes and the land-reform attempts.

Type
Articles
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 26 , Spring 2002 , pp. 59 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, William Sheridan. 1975. “The Appeal of Fascism and the Problem of National Disintegration,” pp. 44–68 in Reappraisals of Fascism, ed. Turner, Henry A.. New York: New Viewpoints.Google Scholar
Barkan, Ömer Lütfi. 1980a. “Balkan Memleketlerinin Zirai Reform Tecrübeleri,” pp. 377–448 in his Türkiye’de Toprak Meselesi, Toplu Eserler I. İstanbul: Gözlem.Google Scholar
Barkan, Ömer Lütfi 1980b. “Harp Sonu Tarımsal Reform Hareketleri,” pp. 23–105 in his Türkiye’de Toprak Meselesi, Toplu Eserler I. İstanbul: Gözlem.Google Scholar
Bell, John D. 1977. Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899-1923. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, John D. 1996. “Populism and Pragmatism: The BANU in Bulgarian Politics,” pp. 21–61 in Populism in Eastern Europe: Racism, Nationalism, and Society, ed. Joseph Held. Joseph Held: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Berend, Ivan T. 1998. Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessel, Richard. 1987. “Political Violence and the Nazi Seizure of Power,” pp. 1–15 in Life in the Third Reich, ed. Bessel, Richard. Richard Bessel: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bramwell, Anna. 1985. Blood and Soil: Walter Darré and Hitler’s Green Party. Buckinghamshire: Kensal.Google Scholar
Brass, Tom. 2000. Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism: The Return of the Agrarian Myth. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Corni, Gustavo. 1990. Hitler and the Peasants : Agrarian Policy of the Third Reich, 1930-1939. Trans. David Kerr. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Dahrendorft, Ralf. 1966. Gesellschaft und Demokratie in Deutschland. Munich: R. Piper and Co. Verlag.Google Scholar
Darré, R.W. 1929. Das Bauerntum als Lebensquell der Nordischen Rasse. Munich: Lehmann Verlag.Google Scholar
Darré, R.W. 1931. “Landstand und Staat,” Völkischer Beobachter, 19-21 April.Google Scholar
Daskalov, Roumen. 1997. “Ideas about, and Reactions to Modernization in the Balkans,” East European Quarterly 31 (2), pp. 141–80.Google Scholar
Dimitrov, George M. 1948. “Agrarianism,” pp. 396–452 in European Ideologies: A Survey of 20th Century Political Ideas, ed. Gross, Fēliks. Fēliks Gross: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Eagleton, Terry. 1993. “Falling Prey: Martin Heidegger: A Political Life,” The Guardian, 27.Google Scholar
Farr, Ian. 1986. “‘Tradition’ and the Peasantry: On the Modern Historiography of Rural Germany,” pp. 1–36 in The German Peasantry, ed. Evans, R.J.Lee, W.R.. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Ferry, Luc, and Renaut, Alain. 1990. Heidegger and Modernity. Trans. Franklin Philip. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, Klaus P. 1995. Nazi Germany: A New History. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Griffin, Roger. 1991. The Nature of Fascism. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Held, Joseph. 1996. “Antecedents,” pp. 1–20 in Populism in Eastern Europe: Racism, Nationalism, and Society, ed. Held, Joseph. Joseph Held: Columbia University Press, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Herf, Jeffrey. 1984. Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hiden, John, and Farquharson, John. 1983. Explaining Hitler’s Germany, Historians and the Third Reich. London: Batsford.Google Scholar
Hitler, Adolf. 1930. “Parteiamtliche Kundgebung über die Stellung der NSDAP zum Landvolk und zur Landwirtschaft,” Völkischer Beobachter, 6 March.Google Scholar
Irvine, Helen Doughles. 1922. The Making of Rural Europe. London: G. Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Kandel, I.L. 1935. The Making of Nazis. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Karaosmanoğlu, Yakup Kadri. 1968. Yaban. 8th ed. İstanbul: Remzi.Google Scholar
Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım. 1998a. “The People’s Houses and the Cult of the Peasant in Turkey,” Middle Eastern Studies 34 (4), pp. 67–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım 1998b. “The Village Institute Experience in Turkey,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 25 (1), pp. 47–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım 2000. “Elite Perceptions of Land Reform in Turkey,” The Journal of Peasant Studies 27 (3), pp. 115–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kershaw, Ian. 1987. “Hitler and the Germans,” pp. 41–55 in Life in the Third Reich ed. Bessel, Richard. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lacko, Miklos. 1996. “Populism in Hungary: Yesterday and Today,” pp. 107–28 in Populism in Eastern Europe: Racism, Nationalism, and Society, ed. Held, Joseph. Joseph Held: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lebovics, Herman. 1967. ‘“Agrarians’ versus ‘Industrialize’: Social Conservative Resistance to Industrialism and Capitalism in Late Nineteenth Century Germany,” International Review of Social History 12, pp. 31–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebovics, Herman. 1964. A Socialism for the German Middle Classes. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Lovin, Clifford R. 1967. “Blut und Boden: The Ideological Basis of the Nazi Agricultural Program,” Journal of the History of Ideas 28 (2), pp. 279–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitrany, David. 1961. Marx Against the Peasant, A Study in Social Dogmatism. New York: Collier Books.Google Scholar
Mitrany, David 1967. “Marx v. the Peasant,” pp. 319–76 in London Essays in Economics in Honor of Edwin Cannan, ed. Gregory, T.E. and Dalton, Hugh. New York: Books for Libraries Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington Jr. 1967. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Moser, Charles A. 1979. Dimitrov of Bulgaria: A Political Biography of Dr. Georgi M. Dimitrov. Ottawa, Ill.: Caroline House.Google Scholar
Mosse, George L. 1979. “Towards a General Theory of Fascism,” pp. 141 in International Fascism: New Thoughts and New Approaches, ed. Mosse, George L.. London and Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Mosse, George L. 1981. The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Mouzelis, Nicos. 1976. “Greek and Bulgarian Peasants: Aspects of their Sociopolitical Situation During the Inter-war Period.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 18 (1), pp. 85–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parvus, [Alexander Helphand]. 1915. “Für die Demokratie gegen den Zarismus,” Die Glocke 2 (15), pp. 77–85.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos. 1974. Fascism and Dictatorship: The Third International and the Problem of Fascism. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Ritter, Gerhard. 1973. “The European Context,” pp. 22–34 in The Nazi Revolution: Hitler’s Dictatorship and the German Nation, ed. Mitchell, Allan. Allan Mitchell: Heath and Company.Google Scholar
Rorty, Richard. 1988. “Heidegger et la Nazisme,” The New Republic 198 (15), p. 31.Google Scholar
Roseberry, William. 1989. Anthropologies and Histories: Essays in Culture, History, and Political Economy. New Brunswick, N.J., and London: Rutgers University Press. Sauer, Wolfgang.Google Scholar
Roseberry, William 1973. “Capitalism and Modernity,” pp. 123–31 in The Nazi Revolution: Hitler’s Dictatorship and the German Nation, ed. Mitchell, Allan. Allan Mitchell: Heath and Company.Google Scholar
Schenk, H.G. 1969. The Mind of the European Romantics. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Schoenbaum, David. 1967. Hitler’s Social Revolution. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Sforza, Carlo. 1967. European Dictatorships. New York: Books for Libraries Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Fritz. 1961. The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tongue, Ismail Hakkı. 1947. Canlandırılacak Köy. 2nd ed. Istanbul: Remzi.Google Scholar
Turner, Henry A. 1975. “Fascism and Modernization,” pp. 117-39 in Reappraisals of Fascism, ed. Turner, Henry A.. New York: New Viewpoints.Google Scholar
Walicki, Andrzej. 1969. The Controversy over Capitalism: Studies in the Social Philosophy of the Russian Populists. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Walters, E. Garrison. 1988. The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Wilke, Gerhard. 1987. “Village Life in Nazi Germany,” pp. 17–24 in Life in the Third Reich, ed. Bessel, Richard. Richard Bessel: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1975. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, Michael E. 1990. Heidegger’s Confrontation with Modernity, Technology, Politics, and Art. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar