Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-06T00:34:28.713Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The secret police and the campaign against Galicians in Soviet Ukraine, 1929–1934

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Olga Bertelsen  and
Myroslav Shkandrij
Olga Bertelsen*
Affiliation:
Department of History, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK;
Myroslav Shkandrij
Affiliation:
Department of German and Slavic Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
*
* Corresponding author. Email: ob72202@alumni.bloomu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In 1929–1934 Galician intellectuals who emigrated to Soviet Ukraine from abroad were subject to mass repression. This article demonstrates how the party and the Soviet secret police discredited and eliminated this intelligentsia. Leading party officials perceived Galicians as possessing a strong sense of national identity and internal unity, and therefore an obstacle to plans for homogenizing Soviet Ukraine. The research draws on Ukrainian periodicals published in the early 1930s, on files relating to two major group criminal cases that were conducted in the early 1930s and that are now available to scholars in the Security Service archives of Ukraine (the former Soviet secret police archives), and on recent scholarship in the field. The archival evidence demonstrates that the cases were fabricated and the charges against Galicians were constructed as part of a planned “anti-nationalist” campaign.

Keywords

Ukrainian nationalismGalician intellectualsSoviet repression1930s
Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 42 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 37 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Antonovych, M., ed. 1977. “Lysty M. Hrushevs'koho do I. Faryniaka.” Ukrains'kyi istoryk, nos. 3–4 (55/66): 106–112.Google Scholar
Babak, O. I., Danylenko, V. M., and Plekan, I. V. 2007. Praha-Kharkiv-Solovky: Arkhivno-slidcha spava akademika Stepana Rudnyts'koho. Kyiv: Natsional'na akademiia nauk Ukrainy.Google Scholar
Baberowski, Jörg. 2007. Chervonyi terror (Der rote Terror): Istoriia stalinizmu. Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo “K.I.S.”.Google Scholar
Baran, V., and Danylenko, V. 2009. “Pekucha Pravda istorii.” In Radians'ki orhany derzhavnoi bezpeky u 1939-chervni 1941: Dokumenty HDA SBU, edited by Danylenko, V. and Kokin, S., 5–32. Kyiv: KMA.Google Scholar
Boidunyk, Osyp. 1974. “Iak diishlo do stvorennia orhanizatsii Ukrains'kykh natsionalistiv.” In Ivhen Konovalets’ ta ioho doba, edited by Boiko, I., 359–379. Munich: Fundatsiia im. I. Konoval'tsia.Google Scholar
Boiko, I., ed. 1974. Ivhen Konovalets’ ta ioho doba. Munich: Fundatsiia im. I. Konoval'tsia.Google Scholar
Bonnell, Victoria E. 1997. Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Conquest, Robert. 1990. The Great Terror: A Reassessment. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, R. W., Khlevniuk, Oleg V., Rees, E. A., Kosheleva, Liudmila P., and Rogovaya, Larisa A., eds. 2003. The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence: 1931–36. Translated by Steven Shabad. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Demchenko, T., and Kuras, H. 2004. “Netypova dolia Mykoly Shraha.” Problemy istorii Ukrainy: Fakty, Sudzhennia, Poshuky, no. 12:389–399.Google Scholar
Drach, Ivan, Prystaiko, Volodymyr, Pshennikov, Oleksandr, Shapoval, Iurii, and Shevchenko, Serhii, eds. 1997–1999. Ostannia adresa. 3 vols. Kyiv: Sfera.Google Scholar
Dziuba, Ivan. 2006. Z krynytsi lit. Vol. 1. Kyiv: KMA.Google Scholar
Figes, Orlando, and Kolonitskii, Boris. 1999. Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Gilley, Christopher. 2009. The “Change of Signposts” in the Ukrainian Emigration: A Contribution to the History of Sovietophilism in the 1920s. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kacharba, Stepan. 2003. Emihratsiia z Zakhidnoi Ukrainy. 1919–1939. Lviv: Lvivs'kyi natsional'nyi universytet imeni I. Franka.Google Scholar
Knysh, Zynovii. 1974. “Nachal'na komanda UVO u Lvovi.” In Ivhen Konovalets’ ta ioho doba, edited by Boiko, I., 288–297. Munich: Fundatsiia im. I. Konoval'tsia.Google Scholar
Krushel'nyts'ka, L. I. 2001. Rubaly lis … (Spohady halychanky). Lviv: Lvivs'ka naukova biblioteka im. V. Stefanyka, NANU.Google Scholar
Kubiiovych, Volodymyr. 1983. Etnichni hrupy pivdennozakhidnoi Ukrainy (Halychyny) na 1.1.1939: Natsional'na statystyka Halychyny. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Kuchabsky, Vasyl. 2009. Western Ukraine in Conflict with Poland and Bolshevism, 1918–1923. Translated by Gus Fagan. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press.Google Scholar
Lemkin, Rafael. 2009. “Soviet Genocide in Ukraine.” In “Lemkin on Genocide of Nations,” with the foreword by Roman Serbyn. Journal of International Criminal Justice, no. 7:123–130.Google Scholar
Luckyj, George S. N. 1990. Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Lysiak-Rudnyts'kyi, Ivan. 1994. Istorychni Ese. 2 vols. Edited by Frank Sysyn. Kyiv: Osnovy.Google Scholar
Mace, James. 1983. Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Magocsi, Paul Robert. 1998. A History of Ukraine. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Magocsi, Paul Robert. 2002. The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Maistrenko, Ivan. 1985. Istoriia moho pokolinnia: Spohady uchasnyka revoliutsiinykh podii v Ukraini. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.Google Scholar
Makarchuk, S. A., ed. 2004. Etnohrafiia Ukrainy. Lviv: Vydavnytstvo “Svit.”.Google Scholar
Mandryk, Mariia. 2006. Ukrains'kyi natsionalism: Stanovlennia u mizhvoiennu dobu. Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo imeni Oleny Telihy.Google Scholar
Marochko, V. I., and Hillig, Gèotz. 2003. Represovani pedahohy Ukrainy: zhertvy politychnoho teroru (1929–1941). Kyiv: Vydavnysttvo “Naukovyi Svit.”.Google Scholar
Martin, Terry. 2001. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Martynets', Volodymyr. 1949. Ukrains'ke pidpillia: Vid UVO do OUN: Spohady ta materialy do peredistorii ta istorii ukrains'koho orhanizovanoho natsionalizmu. Winnipeg: Ukrainian National Fed'n. D. E.Google Scholar
Marynych, Liudmyla. 2008. “Zakhidnoukrains'ka emihratsiia v USRR, 1930-i roky: represyvnyi epiloh.” Istoriia Ukrainy. Malovidomi imena, podii, fakty, no. 35:196–210.Google Scholar
Mirchuk, Petro. 2007. Narys istorii OUN: 1920–1939 roky. Kyiv: Tsentr doslidzhen’ vyzvol'noho rukhu, Ukrains'ka vydavnycha spilka.Google Scholar
Naimark, Norman M. 2010. Stalin's Genocides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pelens'kyi, Zenon. 1974. “Mizh dvoma konechnostiamy.” In Ievhen Konovalets’ ta ioho doba, edited by Boiko, I., 502–524. Munich: Fundatsiia im. I. Konoval'tsia.Google Scholar
Plokhii, Serhii. 2011. Velykyi Peredil: Nezvychaina istoriia Mykhaila Hrushevs'koho. Kyiv: Krytyka.Google Scholar
Plokhy, Serhii. 2005. Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Prystaiko, Volodymyr. 1994. “Zhertvy teroru. Iak DPU borolosia z ukrains'koiu akademichnoiu naukoi.” Z arkhiviv VUCHK-GPU-NKVD-KGB, no. 1:70–88.Google Scholar
Prystaiko, V. I., and Shapoval, I. I. 1995. Sprava “Spilky vyzvolennia Ukrainy”: nevidomi dokumenty i fakty. Naukovo-dokumental'ne vydannia. Kyiv: Intel.Google Scholar
Prystaiko, V., and Shapoval, I. 1996. Mykhailo Hrushevs kyi i GPU-NKVD: trahichne desiatylittia 1924–1934. Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo “Ukraina.”.Google Scholar
Rubl'ov, Oleksandr. 2004. Zakhidnoukrains'ka intelihentsiia u zahal'nonatsional'nykh politychnykh ta kul'turnykh prostesakh (1914–1939). Kyiv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy, NANU.Google Scholar
Rubl'ov, O. S., and Cherchenko, I. A. 1994. Stalinshchyna i dolia zakhidnoukrains'koi intelihentsii, 20–50-i roky 20 stolittia. Kyiv: Naukova dumka.Google Scholar
Rubl'ov, Oleksandr, and Fel'baba, Mykhailo. 2000. “Doli spivrobitnykiv ‘URE’ na tli represyvnoi polityky 30-kh rokiv.” Security Service of Ukraine. http://www.ssu.gov.ua/sbu/doccatalog%5Cdocument?id=42136 Google Scholar
Shapoval, Iurii. 1990. U ti trahichni roky: Stalinizm na Ukraini. Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo politychnoi literatury Ukrainy.Google Scholar
Shapoval, Yuri. 1994. ‘On Ukrainian Separatism’: A GPU Circular of 1926.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 18 (3–4): 275–302.Google Scholar
Shapoval, Yuri. 2003. “The GPU-NKVD as an Instrument of Counter-Ukrainization in the 1920s and 1930s.” In Culture, Nation and Identity: The Ukrainian-Russian Encounter, 1600–1945, edited by Kappeler, Andreas, Kohut, Zenon E., Sysyn, Frank E., and Hagen, Mark von, 325–343. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.Google Scholar
Shapoval, Iurii, Kuromiya, Hiroaki, Blum, Alen, Vasyl'ev, Valerii, Vert, Nikolia, Viatrovych, Volodymyr, Kokin, Serhii, Lozyts'kyi, Volodymyr, Petrov, Mykyta, and Podkur, Roman, eds. 2009. Ukraina v dobu “Velykoho teroru:” 1936–1938 roky. Kyiv: Lybid'.Google Scholar
Shapoval, Iurii, Prystaiko, Volodymyr, and Zolotar'ov, Vadym. 1997. ChK-GPU-NKVD v Ukraini: Osoby, Fakty, Dokumenty. Kyiv: Abris.Google Scholar
Shapoval, I., and Verba, I. 2005. Mykhailo Hrushevs'kyi. Kyiv: Vydavnychyi Dim “Al'ternatyvy.”.Google Scholar
Shevelov, George Y. 1986. “The Language Question in the Ukraine in the Twentieth Century (1900–1941).” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 10 (1–2): 71–170.Google Scholar
Shevel'ov, Iurii. 2009. Movoznavstvo: Vybrani pratsi. Vol. 1. Edited by L. Masenko. Kyiv: KMA.Google Scholar
Shkandrij, Myroslav. 1992. Modernists, Marxists and the Nation: The Ukrainian Literary Discussion of the 1920s. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta.Google Scholar
Shkandrij, Myroslav. 2012. “Ukrainianization, Terror and Famine: Coverage in Lviv's Dilo and the Nationalist Press of the 1930s.” Nationalities Papers 40 (3): 431–51.Google Scholar
Smolych, Iurii. 1968. Rozpovid’ pro nespokii deshcho z knyhy pro dvadtsiati i trydtsiati roky v ukrains'komu literaturnomu pobuti. Vol. 1. Kyiv: Radians'kyi pys'mennyk.Google Scholar
Smolych, Iurii. 1972. Rozpovidi pro nespokii nemaie kintsia: shche deshcho z dvadtsiatykh i trydtsiatykh rokiv v ukrains'komu literaturnomu pobuti. Vol. 3. Kyiv: Radians'kyi pys'mennyk.Google Scholar
Snyder, Timothy. 2005. Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Stalin, I. V. 1954. “Tov. Kaganovichu i drugim chlenam PB TsK KP(b)U.” Vol. 8 of Sochineniia of I.V. Stalin. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoie izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury.Google Scholar
Svarnyk, H., ed. 1998. Lysty M. Hrushevs'koho do K. Studyns'koho (1894–1932). Lviv: Vyd-vo M.P. Kots'.Google Scholar
Titova, Nataliia. 2007. “‘Sanatsiia’ prykordonnia USRR: poboriuvannia ‘pol's'ko-ukrains'koho fashyzmu’ na Podilli, 1930-ti roky.” Z arkhiviv VUChK, GPU, NKVD, KGB, no. 28 (1): 220–252.Google Scholar
Tsvetkov, V'iacheslav, ed. 1993. Litopys Holhoty Ukrainy: Spohady politv'iazniv, represovanykh i peresliduvanykh. Lviv: Redaktsiia Litopysu Holhoty Ukrainy.Google Scholar
Ushkalov, Oleksandr, and Ushkalov, Leonid, eds. 2010. Arkhiv rozstrilianoho vidrodzhennia: materialy arkhivno-slidchykh sprav pys'mennykiv 1920–30 rokiv. Kyiv: Smoloskyp.Google Scholar
Vedeneev, Dmytro, and Shevchenko, Serhii. 2001. Ukrains'ki Solovky. Kyiv: “EksOb.”.Google Scholar
Vyshnia, Ostap. 1989. “Chib'iu 1934: Z tabirnoho shchodennyka.” Kyiv, no. 12:107–124.Google Scholar
Wilson, Andrew. 2000. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Zhulyns'kyi, Mykola. 2010. Natsiia. Kul'tura. Literatura: Natsional'no-kul'turni mify ta ideinoestetychni poshuky Ukrains'koi literatury. Kyiv: Naukova dumka.Google Scholar
Zolotar'ov, Vadym. 2007. Sekretno-politychnyi viddil DPU USSR: Spravy ta liudy. Kharkiv: Folio.Google Scholar