Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-dwq4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-29T13:04:27.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Economic Nationalism of the Committee of Union and Progress Revisited: The Case of the Society for the Ottoman Navy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2020

Semih Gökatalay Open the ORCID record for Semih Gökatalay [Opens in a new window]
Semih Gökatalay*
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego, Department of History, San Diego, California, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email: sgokatal@ucsd.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Ottoman-Turkish historiography has been largely concerned with the economic nationalism of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which consisted of four doctrines: elimination of foreign dominance on the Ottoman economy, removal of non-Muslims from the economic sphere, creation of a Turkish/Muslim bourgeoisie, and rapid industrialization. Through its focus on the economic activities of the Society for the Ottoman Navy, a CUP-affiliated charitable organization with enormous economic power, the present study investigates how the economic policies of the period can be regarded as a practice of economic nationalism. Based on archival material and in dialogue with secondary sources, this article argues that although the Unionist leadership and intelligentsia employed the language of economic nationalism, the operation of the economy in practice was considerably different from its rhetoric. War conditions, the lack of indigenous capital accumulation, and relations of the Ottoman Empire with foreign powers heavily shaped the implementation of the economic nationalism of the CUP.

Keywords

economic nationalismThe Ottoman EmpireThe Society for the Ottoman NavyThe Committee of Union and ProgressThe First World War
Type
Article
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 48 , Issue 5 , September 2020 , pp. 942 - 956
Check for updates
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ağır, Seven. 2018. “The Rise and Demise of Gedik Markets in Istanbul, 1750–1860.” The Economic History Review 71 (1): 133–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ağır, Seven and Gökatalay, Semih. 2017. “‘Hukuk ve İktisat’ Perspektifinden Milli İktisat Mirasını Yeniden Düşünmek.” In Geçmişten Geleceğe Türkiye Ekonomisi, edited by Koyuncu, Murat, Mıhcı, Hakan, and Yeldan, Erinç, 193–222. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. 1969. The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. 1980. “Vanguard of Nascent Bourgeoisie: The Social and Economic Policy of Young Turks, 1908–1918.” In Social and Economic History of Turkey, edited by Okyar, Osman and İnalcik, Halil, 329–350. Ankara: Meteksan.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. 1984. “The Late Ottoman Empire.” In The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Kent, Marian, 5–30. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. 1986. İttihatçılıktan Kemalizme. Istanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. 1993. The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. 2014. The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities: Armenians, Greeks, Albanians, Jews, and Arabs, 1908–1918. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Akçam, Taner. 2012. The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Akşin, Sina. 1980. 100 Soruda Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki. Istanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi.Google Scholar
Aksakal, Mustafa. 2008. The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aktar, Ayhan. 2003. “Homogenizing the Nation; Turkifying the Economy: Turkish Experience of Population Exchange Reconsidered.” In Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Exchange between Greece and Turkey, edited by Hirschon, Renée, 79–95. New York: Berghahn Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aral, Masami. 1992. Turkish Nationalism in the Young Turk Era. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Belge, Murat. 2010. “Genç Kalemler and Turkish Nationalism.” In Turkey’s Engagement with Modernity Conflict and Change in the Twentieth Century, edited by Kerslake, Celia, Öktem, Kerem, and Robins, Philip, 27–37. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkes, Niyazi. 1959. Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization: Selected Essays of Ziya Gökalp. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkes, Niyazi. 1975. 100 Soruda Türkiye İktisat Tarihi - Cilt 2. Istanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi.Google Scholar
Bloxham, Donald. 2005. The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boratav, Korkut. 2008. Türkiye İktisat Tarihi, 1908–2007. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.Google Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe. 1994. State and Business in Modern Turkey: A Comparative Study. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Cora, Yasar Tolga. 2013. “A Muslim Great Merchant [Tüccar] Family in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Case Study of the Nemlizades, 1860-1930.” International Journal of Turkish Studies 19 (1/2): 1–29.Google Scholar
Çakmaktepe, Zehra. 2002. “Donanma Mecmuası (İnceleme, Tahlili Fihrist ve Seçme Metinler).” Master's thesis, Atatürk Üniversitesi.Google Scholar
Çavdar, Tevfik. 2003. Türkiye Ekonomisinin Tarihi, 1900–1960. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.Google Scholar
, r. 2007. “İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'nin Seyir Defteri.” In Resmi Tarih Tartışmaları - 3 (İttihatçılıktan Kemalizm'e), edited by Başkaya, Fikret and Çetinoğlu, Sait, 129–158. Ankara: Özgür Üniversite.Google Scholar
Çetinkaya, Y. Doğan. 2004. 1908 Osmanlı Boykotu: Bir Toplumsal Hareketin Analizi. Istanbul: İletişim.Google Scholar
Dumont, Paul. 1984. “The Origins of Kemalist Ideology.” In Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, edited by Landau, Jacob M., 25–44. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
Dündar, Fuat. 2001. İttihat ve Terakki'nin Müslümanları İskân Politikası (1913–1918). Istanbul: İletişim.Google Scholar
Dündar, Fuat. 2008. Modern Türkiye'nin Şifresi: İttihat ve Terakki'nin Etnisite Mühendisliği (1913–1918). Istanbul: İletişim.Google Scholar
Eldem, Vedat. 1970. Osmanlı İmpartorluğu’nun İktisadi Şartları Hakkında Bir Tetkik. Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.Google Scholar
Eldem, Vedat. 1994. Harp ve Mütareke Yıllarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Ekonomisi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.Google Scholar
Fleet, Kate. 2015. “Geç Osmanlı Erken Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Döneminde Yabancılara Verilen Ekonomik İmtiyazlar.” Kebikeç 39: 343–362.Google Scholar
Georgeon, François. 1981. Aux Origines du Nationalisme Turc - Yusuf Akçura (1876–1935). Paris: ADPF.Google Scholar
Gingeras, Ryan. 2009. Sorrowful Shores Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1912–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Göçek, Fatma Müge. 1996. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gök, Nurşen. 2007. “Donanma Cemiyeti'nin Anadolu'da Örgütlenmesi.” PhD diss., Ankara Üniversitesi.Google Scholar
Gök, Nurşen. 2008. “Donanma Cemiyeti’nin Anadolu’da Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Gözlemler.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 27(1): 77–93.Google Scholar
Güneş, İhsan. 1997. Türk Parlamento Tarihi: Meşrutiyete Geçiş Süreci I. ve II. Meşrutiyet Cilt 2. Ankara: TBMM Basımevi Müdürlüğü.Google Scholar
Güran, Tevfik. 2003. Osmanlı Malî İstatistikleri Bütçeler, 1841-1918 = Ottoman Financial Statistics Budgets. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. 2001. Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. 2008. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyd, Uriel. 1950. Ziya Gökalp: Foundations of Turkish Nationalism. London: Luzac.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. 1982. An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Hilmar. 2006. “Armenian Property, Ottoman Law and Nationality Policies during the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1916.” In The First World War as Remembered in the Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by Farschid, Olaf, Kropp, Manfred, and Dähne, Stephan, 49–71. Beirut: Orient-Institut.Google Scholar
Kayalı, Hasan. 1997. Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Second Constitutional Period of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kechriotis, Vangelis. 2009. “Protecting the City's Interest: the Greek Orthodox and the Conflict between Municipal and Vilayet Authorities in Izmir (Smyrna) in the Second Constitutional Period.” Mediterranean Historical Review 24 (2): 207–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerimoğlu, Hasan Taner. 2009. İttihat-Terakki ve Rumlar: 1908–1914. Istanbul: Libra.Google Scholar
Keyder, Çağlar. 1981. The Definition of a Peripheral Economy: Turkey, 1923–1929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keyder, Çağlar. 1987. State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Kouymjian, Dickran. 2001. “Confiscation of Armenian Property and the Destruction of Armenian Historical Monuments as a Manifestation of the Genocidal Process.” In Anatomy of Genocide: State-sponsored Mass-killings in the Twentieth Century, edited by Kimenyi, Alexandre and Scott, Otis L., 307–319. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Kushner, David. 1977. The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Landau, Jacon M. 1984. Tekinalp, Turkish Patriot 1883–1961. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Onaran, Nevzat. 2013a. Osmanlı’da Ermeni ve Rum Mallarının Türkleştirilmesi (1914–1919): Emvâl-ı Metrûkenin Tasfiyesi - I. Istanbul: Evrensel Basım Yayın.Google Scholar
Onaran, Nevzat. 2013b. Cumhuriyet’te Ermeni ve Rum Mallarının Türkleştirilmesi (1920–1930): Emvâl-ı Metrûkenin Tasfiyesi - II. Istanbul: Evrensel Basım Yayın.Google Scholar
Ökçün, Gündüz. 1973. 1909–1930 Yılları Arasında Türkiye'de Bankacılık Alanında Kurulan Anonim Şirketler. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.Google Scholar
Özbek, Nadir. 2007. “Defining the Public Sphere during the Late Ottoman Empire: War, Mass Mobilization and the Young Turk Regime (1908–18).” Middle Eastern Studies 43 (5): 795–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özçelik, Selahittin. 2000. Donanma-yî Osmanî Muavenet-i Milliye. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.Google Scholar
Pamuk, Şevket. 2005. “The Ottoman Economy in World War I.” In The Economics of World War I, edited by Broadberry, Stephen and Harrison, Mark, 112–136. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parla, Taha. 1985. The Social and Political Thought of Ziya Gökalp, 1876–1924. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Parlatır, İsmail, and Nurullah, Çetin. 1999. Genç Kalemler Dergisi. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. 2000. The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roshwald, Aviel. 2001. Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914–1923. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tachau, Frank. 1963. “The Search for National Identity Among the Turks.” Die Welt des Islams 8 (3): 165–176.Google Scholar
Toprak, Zafer. 1982. Türkiye’de ‘Millî İktisat’ (1908–1918). Ankara: Yurt Yayınları.Google Scholar
Toprak, Zafer. 1994. “Nationalism and Economics in the Young Turk Era (1908–1918).” In Industrialization, Communication et Rapports Sociaux en Turquie et en Mediterranee Orientale, edited by Thobie, Jacques and Kancal, Salgur, 260–266. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Toprak, Zafer. 1995a. İttihat-Terakki ve Devletçilik. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.Google Scholar
Toprak, Zafer. 1995b. Türkiye'de Ekonomi ve Toplum (1908–1950): Milli İktisat ve Milli Burjuvazi 1908–1950. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.Google Scholar
Toprak, Zafer. 2003. İttihad-Terakki ve Cihan Harbi: Savaş Ekonomisi ve Türkiye'de Devletçilik, 1914–1918. Istanbul: Homer Kitabevi.Google Scholar
Toprak, Zafer. 2006. “Bir Hayal Ürünü: İttihatçıların Türkleştirme Politikası.” Toplumsal Tarih 146: 14–22.Google Scholar
Üngör, Uğur Ümit and Polatel, Mehmet. 2011. Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Üstel, Füsun. 1997. İmparatorluktan Ulus-Devlete Türk Milliyetçiliği: Türk Ocakları 1912–1931. Istanbul: İletişim.Google Scholar
Zeman, Z. A. B. and Scharlau, Winfried B.. 1965. The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) 1867–1924. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zürcher, Erik-Jan. 2005. “Ottoman Sources of Kemalist Thought.” In Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy, edited by Elisabeth Özdalga, 13–26. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zürcher, Erik-Jan. 2010. The Young Turk Legacy and National Building - From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey. New York: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Arşivi (The Archives of the Ankara University Institute of Turkish Revolution History) (TİTEA), Ankara.Google Scholar
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri (Prime Ministry’s Ottoman Archives) (BOA), Istanbul.Google Scholar
Donanma Mecmûası (the Navy Journal), Istanbul.Google Scholar
Düstûr, Istanbul.Google Scholar
İtibâr-ı Millî Bankası - Nizamnâme-i Esâsî. 1332. Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Âmire.Google Scholar
Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Arşivi (The Archives of the Ankara University Institute of Turkish Revolution History) (TİTEA), Ankara.Google Scholar
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri (Prime Ministry’s Ottoman Archives) (BOA), Istanbul.Google Scholar
Donanma Mecmûası (the Navy Journal), Istanbul.Google Scholar
Düstûr, Istanbul.Google Scholar
İtibâr-ı Millî Bankası - Nizamnâme-i Esâsî. 1332. Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Âmire.Google Scholar