In a series of studies we have reclassified the TRIZ categories of ‘contradiction’ and ‘inventive principle’ derived by Altshuller and his colleagues and show that the hierarchical relationships of the parts of a problem are important, such that at low levels of hierarchy, materials and structure predominate, but at high levels, it's information which is important.

By identifying the functional conflicts in its design, the cuticle of arthropods can be shown to cope with IR and UV irradiation in the same manner as our technology – by controlling spectral properties. However the skeletal properties of cuticle are integrated with demands for sensing, movement, etc, by controlling the local properties of the material rather than by changing global parameters (which would be the technical solution). The biomimetic similarity of cuticle with technology is only about 20%, suggesting that we can learn from the design of arthropod cuticle.