Various life forms in nature display a high level of adaptability to their environments through the use of sophisticated material interfaces. This is exemplified by numerous biological systems, such as the self-cleaning of lotus leaves, the water-walking abilities of water striders and spiders, the ultra-slipperiness of pitcher plants, the directional liquid adhesion of butterfly wings, and the water collection capabilities of beetles, spider webs, and cacti. The versatile interactions of these natural surfaces with fluids, or special wettability, are enabled by their unique micro/nanoscale surface structures and intrinsic material properties. Many of these biological designs and principles have inspired new classes of functional interfacial materials, which have remarkable potential to solve some of the engineering challenges for industrial and biomedical applications. In this article, we provide a snapshot of the state of the art of biologically inspired materials with special wettability, and discuss some promising future directions for the field.

Much of the motivation for exploring nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond in the past decade has been for their potential as a solid-state alternative to trapped ions for quantum computing. In this area, the NV center has exceeded expectations and even shown an unprecedented capability to perform certain quantum processing and storage operations at room temperature. The ability to operate in ambient conditions, combined with the atom-like magnetic Zeeman sensitivity, has also led to intensive investigation of NV centers as nanoscale magnetometers. Thus, aside from room-temperature solid-state quantum computers, the NV could also be used to image individual spins in biological systems, eventually leading to a new level of understanding of biomolecular interactions in living cells.

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as “quantum dots” (QDs), represent an example of a disruptive technology for display and lighting applications. The QDs’ high luminescence efficiency and precisely tunable, narrow emission are nearly ideal for achieving saturated colors and enriching the display or TV color gamut. Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) can provide saturated emission colors and allow inexpensive solution-based device fabrication on almost any substrate. The first incorporation of QDs into the consumer market is using them as optical down-converters. Blue light from an efficient high energy light source (e.g., GaN blue LED) is absorbed and reemitted at any desired lower energy wavelength. Alternatively, electric current can be used for direct excitation of QDs. QLEDs are an exciting technical challenge and commercial opportunity for display and solid-state lighting applications. Recent developments in the field show that efficiency and brightness of QLEDs can match those of organic LEDs.

Organic optoelectronics is an emerging field that exploits the unique properties of conjugated organic materials to develop new applications that require a combination of performance, low cost, light weight, and processability. For instance, disposable or wearable electronics, light-emitting diodes, smart tags, sensors, and solar cells all fall into this active area of research. Single crystals of conjugated organic molecules are, undoubtedly, the materials with the highest degree of order and purity among the variety of different forms of organic semiconductors. Electronic devices comprising these materials, such as single-crystal transistors and photoconductors developed during the last decade, are by far the best performers in terms of the fundamental parameters such as charge-carrier mobility, exciton diffusivity, concentration of defects, and operational stability. Extremely low density of defects and the resultant remarkable electrical characteristics of some of the organic single-crystal devices allow experimental access to the intrinsic charge transport properties not dominated by charge scattering and trapping. This enables basic studies of the physics of organic semiconductors, including examining the intrinsic structure-property relationship, thus providing a test bed for charge and energy transport theories. The goal of this issue of MRS Bulletin is to provide a broad overview of the state of the art of the field of organic semiconductor single-crystal materials, devices, and theory.

Discovered by Richard Van Duyne in 1976, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has enjoyed a continual expansion in interest over the past 36 years benefitting from a series of discoveries, new fields, and technological capabilities, all of which have greatly contributed to the current broad interest in this topic. The focus on nanoscience and nanotechnology that began in the early 1990s naturally put a spotlight on SERS as a quintessentially nanoscale phenomenon. This article discusses some of the key field-shaping developments in SERS from a historical and a materials perspective, providing background for the articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin.

There is an urgent need for new energy storage and conversion systems in order to tackle the environmental problems we face today and to make the transition to a fossil fuel-free society. New batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells have the potential to be key devices for large-scale energy storage systems for load leveling and electric vehicles. In many cases, the concepts are known, but the right materials solutions are lacking. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been highlighted as suitable materials to be included in new devices, most commonly as electrolytes. Attractive features of ILs such as high ionic conductivity, low vapor pressure, high thermal and electrochemical stability, large temperature range for the liquid phase, and flexibility in molecular design have drawn the attention of researchers from many different fields. In addition, there is the possibility of designing new materials and morphologies using electrochemical synthesis with ILs. In this article, we provide an introduction to ILs and their properties, serving as a base for the topical articles in this issue.

Paper, broadly defined as thin, porous sheets, is currently being used to create novel devices for diagnostics, microfluidics, and electronics that ideally combine low cost and high performance. A “device,” in this context, can be defined as an object that serves to provide information or function to a user in response to input. This issue will highlight some of these novel devices and provide examples of potential applications. We begin with an overview of paper’s unique properties and how these properties lead to a potential for changing the integrated microfluidic and flexible electronics landscape. We then discuss methods for patterning paper as well as specific fluidic operations that are possible on paper. Finally, we conclude with an overview of electronic devices on paper and a brief outlook on the future of this emerging field.

The new field of quantum computing uses qubits (quantum bits) in place of classical bits to carry out certain types of computation. Physical systems that act as qubits encompass a wide range of technologies, from ions, to local defect states in crystals, and on to microelectronic devices addressable with wire interconnects. Materials issues arise in all of these, and this issue of MRS Bulletin describes how materials challenges and opportunities arise and have been used to make qubit-based quantum circuits using very different materials systems. In this overview article, we first review the universal ideas of how information is introduced and processed in a quantum computer. Comparing quantum to classical computers, for a given number of bits, the information content in a quantum computer is exponentially larger. But quantum computers face a daunting challenge: How do we keep the information from degrading and eventually disappearing? Maintaining the coherence of a quantum computer comes down to specific materials issues for all the approaches studied so far. Advances in materials design and processing have enabled enormous increases in performance, and we review the work described in each of the articles in this issue.

Metal hydrides are a fascinating class of materials that can be utilized for a surprising variety of clean energy applications, including smart solar collectors, smart windows, sensors, thermal energy storage, and batteries, in addition to their traditional application for hydrogen storage. Over the past decade, research on metal hydrides for hydrogen storage increased due to global governmental incentives and an increased focus on hydrogen storage research for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell operation. Tremendous progress has been made in so-called complex metal hydrides for hydrogen storage applications with the discovery of many new hydrides containing covalently bound complex anions. Many of these materials have applications beyond hydrogen storage and are being investigated for lithium-ion battery separator and anode materials. In this issue of MRS Bulletin, we present the state of the art of key evolving metal-hydride-based clean energy technologies with an outlook toward future needs.

Functional perovskite oxides are recognized for their stunningly rich physics and for their potential as next-generation electronic materials. Their properties include high Tc superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, record-high dielectric/ferroelectric/piezoelectric performances, multiferroic behavior, resistive switching behavior, giant thermoelectric and magnetocaloric effects, giant ionic conduction, and catalytic behavior. Due to their intrinsic chemical and crystal similarities, functional oxides can be stacked in multilayer heterostructures exhibiting an astonishing degree of epitaxial perfection. Such artificial systems not only allow one to combine in a single device the functionalities of their individual layers, but often reveal an even wider range of emergent novel properties that can be surprisingly different from those of the single building blocks. The goal of this issue of MRS Bulletin is to present the state of the art of oxide interfaces in inscience and technology. Here we provide an introduction to their properties, serving as a base for the following topical articles.

Monodomain magnetic nanoparticles, due to their size, demonstrate physical properties not seen in the bulk materials, such as size-dependent magnetization reversal fields. They can be also made into a magnetic suspension or ferrofluid. There is thus growing interest in the application of these materials to ferrofluids, spintronics, directed assembly, as well as for imaging and therapeutic applications. In this article, we provide an overview of these materials, discuss the fundamental physical properties, describe several routes for the “bottom-up” generation of these materials, and identify major challenges for the future of these fields. The articles in this issue describe various aspects of the characterization and application of magnetic nanoparticles.